Organization Impact Essay

In this paper I will discuss my results of the Myers Briggs test and the CREAX creativity self assessment exercise, both were taken online and both were about 50 questions long. They pertained to subjects such as extravert, intuitive, feeling, judging, persistence, abstraction, connection, complexity, paradox, boldness, curiosity and perspective. On the Myers Brigg test my extravert was 11%, my intuitive was 12%, my feeling was 50% and my judging was 11%. I have slight preference of extraversion over introversion, which does not surprise me at all as I have always been outgoing in most situations, the only time I seem to be a little more introvert is when I am around a new crowd and chose to sit back and watch how people behave before I come out of my shell. My intuition is also slightly preferred over my sensing, which also does not surprise me as in life my gut instincts have rarely guided me in the wrong direction, I also prefer feeling over thinking which at times has not been th e best thing for me in the past when it comes to making an important decision. Last but not least is the slight preference I have of judging over perceiving, I think in everyone this can be human nature however for the most part I do my best to have all the facts before coming to a conclusion about a person, thing or an idea. With the creativity test it looks at though I am at 54.94 and the typical is 63.6, I did not really have a clear understanding on where I ranked with the abstraction, persistence, connection, complexity, paradox, boldness, curiosity and perspective. The test did give the definition of what I was being graded on, for example for the abstraction this is in regards to the ability to abstract concepts from ideas, the connection is the ability to make connections between things that don’t initially have a connection. The perspective is the ability to shift ones perspective on a situation, the curiosity is the desire to change or improve things that everyone else sees as normal, the boldness area is the confidence to push the boundaries b eyond accepted conventions and the paradox section is the ability to work simultaneously on different projects. Last but not least were the complexity which is the ability to take in large amounts of information and be able to manage it and change it up and then there was persistence which was the ability to force oneself to keep trying to derive more and better solutions. Typically on test like these there are few  things that can happen with my outcome, if it is boring and the questions seem to be repeated but in a different manner then I become bored and I want to hurry up and answer the questions and be done with it, because I am not really sure how to read the outcome of my score I can’t give an accurate answer based on this test. What I can tell you is yes am a very persistent person when it comes to certain situations, especially if I am intrigued with an idea or it is a job that must be completed, my curiosity is also a positive when it comes to trying to find ways to improve things or make them better. I do have boldness however I also need to come out of my comfort zone with things that I know nothing about when it comes to innovation, especially when it really does not peak my interest, paradox is also a plus for me as I am very good at doing thing simultaneously and I do work well under pressure. I am not sure how using this test will help me but as long as I feel like I can go to someone above me and will not feel dumb for asking a question that may come easy to them, then I can grow as a person. We don’t all process information the same, I try to learn from my mistakes and grow from there in doing so I can take what I have learned onto another project.

Coffee and Tea Essay

Coffee and tea have existed in the world for a long time. Hundreds of years ago, people who lived in South America started to produce coffee, but the earliest drink likes coffee was made by ancient Arabian. They thought it was a kind of medicine used for stomach. After the 15th century, coffee was spread to other countries such as Egypt and Ottoman Empire by Muslims who were back from Hajj, while in ancient China, Chinese people started to make tea about 3000 years ago. Because of nice environment and weather, the first part of tea plants was discovered in southwest China. After, drink tea became an important culture of Chinese people, and tea began to spread into countries near China. Coffee and tea are similar, but different in some specific area. First, coffee and tea are similar but different in population. People from all around the world like them. For example, British people used to drink a cup of tea with some snacks when they have a rest in the afternoon. Western people enjoy drinking black tea, and some of them mix it with milk to make milky tea. Likewise, most people like drinking coffee, for it often tastes good. In China, more and more people began to drink coffee, and some of whom want to taste better coffee like blue mountain coffee. However, although these two drinks are both popular around the world, coffee is still drunk most by western people, while the most quantity of tea is used in East Asia. People lived in China, Japan, and Korea regarded tea as the main drink. Second, coffee and tea are similar but different in function. Both coffee and tea can refresh people because there is a kind of chemical matter, which is caffeine in both of them. This chemical matter can be used for nerves to make a person feel awake and lively. Also, some experts said that black coffee and green tea can help a person lose weight. But, in contrast, tea has some more functions due to another kind of chemical matter which can’t be found in coffee. This chemical matter that named tea polyphenol whose ability is to relieve the effect that is made by poison. Finally, coffee and tea have similarity and difference in origination. Both of them are made from plants. Thousands of years ago, people lived in Africa planted coffee trees in succeed, and now, Brazil has the most coffee trees in the world. In south of China, there are a lot of terraced fields that grow tea trees. On the other hand, people use leaves from tea to make tea, while they use fruits from coffee plants to make coffee. To sum up, coffee and tea are similar in their population, function, and origination, while they are different of their use in different place, their different chemical matter, and their different material. I suggest that people should drink both coffee and tea so that they can be healthier.

Essay to explain role of support worker Essay

My job as support worker is based within a residential unit for eleven service users. It involves working day shifts on a fortnightly rotating rota. Before entering the unit, we have a code that we have to enter to allow us entry to the building. This code unlocks the front door, and is for safety and security of staff and residents, and complies with our duty of care. All employees and visitors have to sign in a book, kept within the hallway. This is so at any time, the manager has a detailed record of who is within the building, staff, residents, workmen, or visitors in case of that an emergency, or in case an evacuation procedure may arise. All visitors to the building are asked their identity. All the external doors can be opened from inside the building to allow persons to exit at any time, however the doors are alarmed. This alerts staff by the use of a paging device, carried by all support staff. This enables safety and security of all persons within the building. When my shift begins all staff have a hand over meeting, lead by the manager on duty. This ensures all important information is communicated: for example any medical or dental appointments that the residents may need escorting to. Or any health issues, or requests made by the residents to go out. Maintaining confidentiality at all times. Any updates or new risk assessments are handed over for all to read and sign. Working to all policies and procedures at all times. As a support worker, duty of care is an obligation that ensures that no harm is done to people in your care; if this duty of care is not met you are held accountable for the negligence which has occurred. We must put the best interests of service users health, safety and wellbeing as a priority to protect them and keep them safe from harm in all aspects of care, this includes: maintaining confidentiality, reporting concerns (both about service users and colleagues/ other professionals) and maintaining high standards of conduct; it is what underlies the Code of Practice on day to day working practice. Policies and procedures are in place to ensure that a  duty of care is implemented and carried out in working practice; this is a legal obligation which if not implemented into your working practice could be classed as negligence or malpractice which is a breach of duty. Duty of care is not just having correct working practice but also to maintain confidentiality of both service users and staff and not doing anything which could put them at risk. In my working role I have to think of duty of care when planning a task, taking everyone’s best interests into consideration. Other ways I implement duty of care into my working practice is to carry out daily checks to ensure the working environment is safe both for service user and employees. Duty of care also involves being aware of potential hazards, preventing mistakes/ accidents from occurring and making competent and informed decisions in the role. After greeting the service users, I often have a chat with them all individually to ask how their day has been, and what they would like to do for the rest of the day. It is important to empathise and actively listen in a sensitive manner accessing appropriate additional support where necessary, promoting equal opportunities and respecting diversity, different culture and values.

Friedman's statement (published by The New York Times Magazine in Essay

Friedman's statement (published by The New York Times Magazine in 1970) suggests that economic and social objectives are separ - Essay Example CSR has however remained a debatable topic, as regards actual role played by corporation within societies, as firms have attempted to minimise their CSR roles or devised ways to use social responsibility as another method (a branding tool) for increasing their profits. Milton Friedman has been a major proponent of anti CSR movement, and has written articles, which are considered as seminal pieces of work against CSR and corporations that promote CSR. This is evident in his 1970 article, â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits,† published by The New York Times Magazine in 1970, where he claimed â€Å"businessmen who talk this way are unwitting puppets of the intellectual forces that have been undermining the basis of a free society these past decades† (Friedman, 1970: 1). He further suggested that social and economic goals are distinctly different entities for any corporation and the two cannot work hand in hand. In this context, the articl e will explore Friedman’s ideas in the light of different views about the nature of the corporation, as discussed by Klonoski’s (1991) in his article, â€Å"Foundational Considerations in the Corporate Social Responsibility Debate.† The researcher’s stand that CSR is an important part of modern business strategy will be illustrated with examples from scholarly articles and real life instances. Discussion There is a great deal of significance associated with the concept of CSR, as conducting business is a process selected by society for manufacture and dissemination of products and services. Initially, it was felt that any business firm could ful?l its social obligations by merely sustaining in the competitive market and optimizing their pro?ts. The business firms could use all social and natural resources for making profits simply by adhering to the basic governmental rules imposed for controlling malpractices. The existing market system created a framewo rk essential for monitoring and controlling the system, while pro?ts guaranteed efficiency and incentives. Under this system, self-interest and ethics (workplace and individual) formed to be main guiding principles for a corporation’s operations. Therefore, by generating pro?ts, firms helped in growth and development of a country’s economic system that in turn created a scope for increased employment and income generation for more people (Beck, 1992). Therefore, CSR was limited to improving the bottom line, and it was generally acknowledged that a business firm would fail to survive without making pro?ts; hence, the question of assuming a social role was never raised. It was only recently experts opined that besides having profit-making goals (or economic objectives), corporations must work towards addressing certain public expectations, that is, aim at social welfare. Owing to this, the very concept of social responsibility associated with pro?t optimization underwent changes, and social and economic goals both received equal attention. Buchholz (1991), while defining CSR, distinguished ?ve main elements that delineate the term. These are: Business firms have obligations that go beyond manufacturing products and providing services at a financial gain; These obligations help to resolve significant social issues, especially ones created by the firms themselves; The impact from the operational

Imperial Tobacco- International Management Report Essay

Imperial Tobacco- International Management Report - Essay Example Imperial predominantly deals in manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sales of a diversified portfolio of cigarettes, tobaccos, cigars, rolling papers and filter tubes. It holds world leader position in premium, high-end cigar and fine-cut tobacco market. The corporation also delivers logistics and distribution services for tobacco and other associated products. In terms of size, it is one of the top four tobacco companies in the world earning operating revenues of ?29,223m in 2011 (Imperial Annual Report, 2011). The four principal tobacco companies: Philip Morris International, British American Tobacco, Japan Tobacco and Imperial Tobacco constitute about 45% of the overall global market or 74% of the total, excluding China (Ash, 2011). Its strong market position, a diversified brand and product portfolio allow Imperial to grow sustainably. However, growing health consciousness, strict government regulations and restrictions on the industry, high excise duties and illicit trade of tobacco products are key threats to Imperial. Overview of Imperial’s Internationalization Owing to increased globalization and competition, volatile environment within nations, Internationalization strategies by corporations have become more and more relevant for their sustainability. With lowering barriers to trade, access to capital and technological innovation, progressively more organizations are exploring options for higher profit and growth by going international. Imperial became public, by listing in London Stock Exchange, in 1996. At that time, Imperial main source of revenues was UK with only 20% of its revenues coming from other parts of the globe (ScanSafe, 2007). Since 1996, the company has accelerated its global expansion plans, acquiring businesses across the world. As of today, the corporation functions in more than 160 markets with 60% of its products sold in the ‘emerging markets’ of Africa, Middle East and Eastern Europe, and 40% in the †˜mature markets’ of Western Europe and USA. Imperial boasts of a strong global footprint with around 50 factories across 160 countries and employing 38,000 people across the globe. The company divides its operations into EU and non-EU countries. Key markets in EU include France, Spain, Germany and UK while key non-EU markets for Imperial are USA, Australia, Morocco, Taiwan, Russia and Ukraine. Since past two decades, the key drivers of internationalization for the company have been declining growth rate in mature markets such as Europe and US, increase in excise duties on tobacco products, overall slump in economy and rise of anti-smoking culture in advanced countries. Non-EU and emerging markets such as North Africa and Asia have indicated favorable macro dynamics such as GDP growth, population growth and female smoking as well as other growth drivers such as consistent market growth in Asia, Africa and Middle East and margin potential in Eastern Europe. Modes of Internatio nalization Like most other companies, Imperial Tobacco Corporation has adopted Internationalization as a key strategy for sustainable growth and maximizing shareholder value. As learnt in the course, there are several modes by which a company enters an international market. These modes include exporting, licensing, international agents and distributors,

Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community - Essay Example Attendance is described as good as the school district has partnered with a truancy solution company and as such has launched a campaign to encourage students to attend school regularly. As a result, school attendance has improved by 10%. The latest report reflects that daily attendance is at just over 94%. District Setting Administration For administrative purposes the school district is divided into four categories: elementary schools, middle schools, high schools and special schools. There are 68 elementary schools, 18 middle schools, 15 high schools and 8 special schools. Each school is run by a principal who reports to the Superintendent for the district. The superintendent is assisted by a deputy superintendent for administration, a deputy superintendent for curriculum and instruction and a deputy superintendent for business and financial services. The superintendent and the various deputy superintendents coordinate all aspects of the administration of the school with the princ ipals. Student Data Enrolment for the 2010-2011 academic year is 94, 702. The district accepts students from the age of 4 for pre-kindergarten. Once students are registered at an elementary school, registration is no longer necessary. Students come from diverse ethnic and social backgrounds. However, 67% of the student body is Hispanic. District Mission The school district’s mission is to provide an exemplary education with above average educators and an intensive extracurricular program. In addition the school district’s mission is to foster an environment that is family oriented. In other words, the school district encourages close community between the staff, teachers, administrators, the study body and the families. The school district readily admits that its wants to be the best place in the state for families. Thus its mission is to foster a connection between the schools and parents, business and members of the community generally. This is because the school dis trict takes the position that while the child’s education is significant for society’s future, the family provides the key to learning. As such, parents are not only obligated to be actively involved in the education of the child, but also have an inalienable right to be involved. The school district prides itself on its advanced technology, innovative facilities and highly qualified staff. These factors have made the school district appealing to both staff and families in terms of recruiting students and educators. The school district has a strategic plan which targets the enhancement of its students’ academic and social achievement. It also endeavors to provide a climate for learning that is safe. This is accomplished by emphasizing the recruitment and retention of exemplary staff, keeping up with modern technology and fostering communications with the external public and fortifying partnerships with the business community. Mission/Philosophy Public Relations The school district’s school/community relations mission is guided by the philosophy that the community is a stakeholder in its schools. As such, two-way lines of communication must be open so that the school district operates transparently and the community is therefore fully informed of all issues impacting the operation and success of the school. An informed community is in a more effective position to participate in the school distr

In which way do pressure groups help and hinder the democratic process Essay

In which way do pressure groups help and hinder the democratic process - Essay Example In other words, it can be stated that the pressure groups are referred as a structured group of individuals which intend to create an influence on the guiding principles as well as acts of the government. The pressure groups are known to entail three basic and chief characteristics. These groups look for creating a degree of manipulation externally in comparison to implementing or winning the aspect of government authority. The pressure groups tend to stay away from making any kind of policy decisions, instead they make attempts to manipulate those individuals who are supposed to be engaged with such kind of activities for example the policy-makers. In the context of the given explanation, it could be understood that these groups are known to be external with regard to the government. The pressure groups are also observed to characteristically entail a constricted issue focus. In few of the instances or rather occurrences the pressure groups can be found to place their focal point on a sole issue such as displaying resistance against an intended road development. The members forming a part of the pressure groups are observed to be brought together by either a common notion with regard to a specific reason or even by a general form of interests. Individuals with diverse ideological as well as party inclinations might thus carry out certain activities in unison as associates of the similar pressure group. Thesis Statement The paper will intend to provide an insight into the idea of pressure groups and their functions. The paper would further attempt to explain the several ways and the functions through which these groups are known to facilitate as well as hamper the democratic process of a particular country. The Idea of Pressure Groups For few individuals, the pressure groups are considered to be an elementary part with regard to the aspect of democracy. For others, the pressure groups are believed to weaken the overall underlying principle in relation to democr acy. Democracy is referred as that particular structure of government in case of which the decisions are taken by considering the majoritarian opinions accompanied with delegates who are found to be elected at intermittent elections. The episodic elections are known to involve the aspects of political autonomy as well as equality for facilitating the voters to demonstrate or express their effectual preference between the contending candidates secretly in a ballot (Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2012). With regard to the democracy structure identified in the pluralist theory, the pressure groups are believed to play an imperative part. The political parties are regarded to lack the ability to provide enough or the required degree of depiction in case of a complete array of varied opinions as well as interests with regard to a contemporary form of democracy. It is owing to the reason that the chief task of the political parties has been identified to amass the interests towards a ratio nal political entity who is considered to be competent enough of leading the nation. The pressure groups also facilitate certain interests as well as reasons to be addressed and also to make use of influence with regard to the aspect of public decision as well as decision-making. However, the pressure grou

B2C to B2b Marketing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

B2C to B2b Marketing Paper - Essay Example Traditionally, businesses begin as B2C but as they expand and look for new markets develop a B2B operations. However, this model of development has significantly changed because of advances in technology. Though B2C and B2B's characteristics essentially remain the same, they have already exceeded their basic definitions. B2C refers to businesses dealing directly with consumers. The action of purchase is for the purpose of personal consumption. It is not to imply that the customer or consumer has to procure the product or service directly from the manufacture or service provider, B2C can take the form of a person buying a product from a store or person availing of a free spa treatment with a gift certificate or voucher. B2B in contrast refers to businesses engaging the service or procuring products for their own operations and not for consumption. An example of B2B would be a bakery buying flour to produce its breads. The criteria defining whether the interaction is B2B or B2C is consumption (Koetler, 1998). The objective in a B2C model is to promote or market a site is to be able communicate on a personal level. Each consumer will have different motivations and these motivations may vary greatly considering individual perception, socio-cultural background (both demographics and psychographics), and experience. These elements define the customers' needs which initiate the buying process. The following figure is an example of a depiction of what influences consumer behavior: Therefore, sites that wish to appeal to consumers have to focus on the characteristics of customers and to consider the decision process of these customers which characterizes the type of person that consumer is. In contrast, B2B customers' motivations or preferences are generally based on quantitative pre-defined needs or criteria. B2B transactions generally arise from the following: 1. Raw material or industrial supplies or services are needed to produce an end product to be sold in the open market 2. Raw material or industrial supplies or services are needed as components of processing a product 3. Products or services are bought form an original manufacturer for resale 4. Products or services are bought from s non-original manufacturer for the purpose of distribution 5. Products or services are bought as a complete system or "turnkey" operation. Figure 2 illustrates the buying process that characterizes the undertaking of B2Bs. It is not required that all of these stages are passed through in each B2B transaction. At this level, buyers are limited by the people and other factors that affect the company. This then highlights the influence organizational culture plays in the buying process. Therefore, in marketing a site on the B2B model, the marketer must consider not just that direct need but also the main use of the product, its users and even the tendencies or preferences of senior executives and others who have bearing on company policies (Johansson, 2001). Differentiating Approaches in B2C and B2B Table 1 summarizes the differences between B2B marketing and B2C marketing. Marketing

Leading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leading - Essay Example Leaders see a vision and communicate that vision to their followers or subordinates. They focus on tomorrow rather than today. They inspire action and change. They are characterized by their people’s skills, their ability to motivate and get the last ounce of effort from their staff in time of crisis (McGovern, et. al 2008). On the other hand, they frequently dislike detail and routine, and can appear wildly disorganized to their colleagues. Leaders are optimistic, self-motivated, persuasive, convincing and goal oriented personnel. They are needed in all workplaces because of their ability to lead and to motivate the employees in different times. They help the management in bringing about a change. They facilitate the employees to move in a direction which is considered important by them. The leadership that is considered attractive and effective is that kind of leadership that keeps the capacity of persuasion. Effective leaders are always able to motivate people in their set direction. The leaders make people do their suggested jobs, as they exercise a certain power on employees on the basis of their effective motivation and encouragement (Parry and Hansen 2007). There are eleven kinds of leadership styles, as leaders are not all alike. They differ from one another on the basis of their opted strategies for leading people. There are bureaucratic leaders who have well thought-out and considered tasks, these kinds of leaders negate the innovatory ideas as they are stick to some set of rules and principles and also make sure that the principles and laws are not overruled (McGovern, et. al 2008). Another kind of leadership style is charismatic leadership in which, the leaders are mostly interested in inculcating energy and fervor in the employees due to which, they take deep interest in a task. Autocratic leadership is a form of leadership in which, the leader has the authority to exercise all his power in

Four things you should do before you join the real world Essay

Four things you should do before you join the real world - Essay Example This step refers to talking to other people, listening what they have to say, and then repeating the process. Specifically, this is referring to the importance of continually investigating the types of professions other people are involve in and being inquisitive about discovering information. I performed this step by discussing career prospects with my classmates. In this way I asked where they work, where they plan on working, and if they have participated in any specific forms of internships. Through performing this step I learned a significant amount about the career goals of the people around me, as well as their strategies for pursuing these goals. Additionally I came to discover that a career fair would be held in my area of professional interest. The next step was being able to introduce myself. I recognize this did not merely entail saying hello to someone. Instead it requires me to introduce myself in a way that gives a strong impression and aids me in my quest for a job. For a period I considered what would make a good impression and then practiced these skills with classmates. Specifically I worked on maintaining eye contact and presenting a confident disposition. The next step was to network with my neighbors. While I regularly talk with my neighbors and classmates I have not always made a concerted effort to ‘network’ with them. With my increased focus on networking, however, I set about changing this. In these regards I made an effort to add all of my neighbors to my Facebook page. Additionally I started a LinkedIn page and added my neighbors. I came to recognize the importance of developing a professional presence through these networking efforts; subsequently I changed my Facebook profile and worked to find more professional pictures. The final step I participated in was to ‘make the most of informal interviews’. I got a good chance to practice this skill at the career fair for my major. During this

International Marketing ..Rococo Chocolates Research Paper

International Marketing ..Rococo Chocolates - Research Paper Example However the island of Grenada being hit by a tremendous hurricane spell huge loss for the cocoa planters and farmers. Rococo chocolates helped the hurricane affected farmers and planters through the production and sale of a special variety of chocolates. The joint venture that took place between Rococo Chocolates and Grenada Chocolate Company helped in the formation of Grococo. The joint venture form focuses on the production of organically based products of chocolate, which bears the hallmark of quality and taste. Grenada Chocolate Company also looks forward to the betterment of the farmers working in cocoa plantations. Cocoa produced from these farms help in the production of chocolates. The company in this light operates as a cooperative firm that takes special endeavor to grant equal work and better opportunities for both the plantation and the factory workers (About Rococo, 2009). Marketing Environment of Rococo Chocolates The marketing or the business environment of a firm is d ivided along two sets of factors viz. internal and external. The directions and policy mechanisms of the company can control the internal set of factors. On the contrary the external set of factors are those, which cannot be controlled by the actions of the company. These factors belong to the external environment of a firm. ... Internal Factors of Rococo Chocolates Rococo chocolates through its marketing policies have taken a further step to expand its market share through the use of Internet marketing. The chocolate firm though operates on wide markets through big retail firms in a desire to increase customer traffic have started selling its products online through its websites. The company launches the Internet site during December 2009 to help enhance the idea of chocolates sold as gifts during Christmas (A new e-commerce platform for Rococo Chocolates, 2010). Further Rococo Chocolates has a huge product portfolio containing of gift boxes and hampers, confectionary products, art products of chocolates, gift bags and other chocolate products like bars and sweets to cater to the increasing needs of different customers (Products, 2009). The marketing policies for Rococo chocolates also reflect on the firm’s pricing strategies. Rococo Chocolates has devised products for different sets of customers by setting different prices, which ranges from below five pounds to more than fifty pounds. (Spend, 2009). External Factors for Rococo Chocolates With these internal factors in place, Rococo Chocolates aims to target a new market in United Arab Emirates. Thus the external marketing factors of the firm would be studied in that respect. The United Arab Emirates is presenting a widely encouraging market for the chocolate and confectionary producers. In times of economic unrest also the Middle East countries presented a demanding market for chocolate and confectionary products thus helping their manufacturers. During 2008 the market for such products in Arab Emirates increased

Starbucks Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Starbucks Marketing Strategy Essay Starbucks developed an advantage over its competitors by engaging in partnerships with stores such as Safeway, Barnes Noble where they open cafes to serve their coffee and sell their products. They improved their brand awareness by licensing its brand name on different food products such as ice cream and bottled Frapuccinos 2. What were the principal drivers behind Starbucks’ success in the marketplace? What does the Starbucks brand mean to consumers? How have the growth opportunities pursued that Starbuck has pursued affected the value of its brand name? One of the drivers behind Starbucks’ success is their store locations. The company only open stores in centralized cities in highly visible regions. Stores are always spacious with room for customers to hang out and drink their coffee. They also have great merchandise items such as coffee beverages, whole bean coffee by the pound, pastries, sandwiches, etc†¦ A big part is Starbucks’ success is their employees. Their baristas are trained to customize each drink and to explain the origin of different coffees. There are treated like partners, and trained to provide the best customer service and to deal with customer complains on the spot. The Starbucks brand means consistency and predictability to consumers. It is a promise to great coffee and great experience. Starbucks’ extensive product line strategy of creating a variety of products beyond just coffee beans was a big growth opportunity, as well as their partnerships that allowed them to expand their brand by selling ready to drink coffee, flavored ice cream and branded coffee now in supermarkets. They also have joint venture agreements in 15 countries. 3. What are the major challenges facing Starbucks as it goes global? Is the brand advantage sustainable going forward? Can Starbucks defend its position against other specialty coffee retailers? Competition is always a challenge when expanding a business overseas, as well as their lack of experience in the international market. Global expansion also means being operated by local partners and therefore making less money. However, I do believe their brand is sustainable. Starbucks is the market pioneer, which gives them major advantage against their competitors. To defend their position, Starbucks should never impose their western preferences in their international markets and continue to adapt their products to the local markets.

Preventing Healthcare Associated Infections (HAI)

Preventing Healthcare Associated Infections (HAI) Introduction Clinical governance is important for providing safe care to patients and is essential to continuous improvement in patient safety.(vicgov) One of the key components in relation to this safety and quality issue in health care is preventing and controlling healthcare associated infections(HAI) which plays a significant role in poor outcomes of patients.(sahealth) To prevent transmission of HAI, Hand Hygiene should be done which is one of the most effective ways. Clinical professionals, especially nurses who have high risk of HAI transmission to patients, need to review the effects and great importance of Hand Hygiene to minimize the risk of HAI. Also, study tells that a number of infections can be prevented by adherence to established infection control practices.(sahealth) However, when accessing articles, they need to know the review methods such as a systematic review and randomized control trial, to satisfy evidence based practice with having analysing skills for quality resources. Five articles were reviewed to practice this. Critique Larson et al did research to examine the impact of the new practice Guideline on HAI and this compared the infection rates of pre- and post-Guideline implementation in a sample of US hospitals in different time. The problem is the result can be affected by time. Some components, such as how surveillance is conducted, how infections are defined and other concurrent infection prevention activities over time, might play a significant role in the result. Also, there were no control groups in this research so that the outcome of this research cannot be compared with the control group’s infection rates in the same time of post-Guideline implementation. And there was only 2 days observation which is unlikely to be an accurate reflection of practice. Monistrol et al used no control group as well. And Hand Hygiene compliance, the consumption of alcohol-based hand rub (AHR), HAIs and MRSA hospital acquisition incidence were measured. Hand Hygiene compliance was measured by direct observation of health care workers during daily work routine. Observations covered all the 8 hour shifts on weekdays, which is more acceptable than Larson et al’s only 2 days observation. However, infection control nurses undertook the observers and also part of the educator. This could explain the high Hand Hygiene compliance in all periods due to the presence of observers. Meanwhile, Allegranzi et al assessed the effectiveness of the World Health Organization hand hygiene improvement strategy in a low-income African country, evaluating hand hygiene infrastructure, compliance, healthcare workers’ knowledge and perceptions, and handrub consumption. The ideal design for these researches would be Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT), because the research outcomes can be compared by control groups for more exact data in a same time. However, those cannot be done properly with RCT and this is the reason why they did not choose RCT for the research strategy. Once the new practice Guideline is published, the control groups will be informed as well. And this might withhold best practices from patients, raising ethical concerns. The most rigorous study among those three articles was Allegranzi et al’s research. To examine the effectiveness of WHO’s hand hygiene improvement strategy, they prepared well with training the observers for a long time according to the WHO observation method. And for the baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation WHO knowledge questionnaire was administered. Also, more scientific and specific categories such as hand hygiene infrastructure and healthcare workers’ level of knowledge were shown in this research than others. Stout et al and Melissa et al reviewed articles by using a systematic review. In regards to the search strategy, Stout et al searched only PubMed for relevant articles. While Melissa et al searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, HMIC, the Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases. There is evidence that single electronic database searches lack sensitivity and relevant articles may be missed if only one database is searched(Akobeng 2005). Meanwhile, Stout et al evaluated and reviewed 3,463 articles published between January 1, 2000 and March 31 2013. Forty two articles were selected and grouped into 1 of 4 categories after quality assessment of articles. Also, the earliest year of 2000 was selected because alcohol-based hand rub was not widely in use in prior years. This is a quite scientific strategy. While, there was no specific reason for Melissa et al to pick the articles between May and November 2004, as well as there was no mention about quality assessment of studies. A systematic review was selected for these articles to examine primary studies on focused clinical questions so that specific answers from narrowly defined review questions were given. Findings Conclusion The result of Larson et al indicates that hand hygiene guideline was disseminated and hospitals responded by modifying procedures and policies, compliance with hand hygiene recommendations remained low. Similarly, Monistrol et al suggested that no changes in incidences of HAI were shown after the multimodal campaign. However, Allegranzi et al found that hand hygiene improvement is affordable and effective in a healthcare setting with limited resources. The difference between Summary Number Author/s, year country Aims Sample/setting Design/methods Main Findings Strength/limitations of the study 1 Stout, Ritchie Macpherson 2007 UK To improve compliance with hand hygiene guidelines, resulting in low incidence of HAI. Search strategy with combined terms of ‘handwashing’, ‘alcohol cleanser’, ‘infection’, or ‘compliance’ Date or language limitation were applied. A systematic review: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, HMIC, the Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases between May and November 2004 2 Melissa et al 2014 US To assess the existing evidence surrounding the adoption and accuracy of automated systems or electronically enhanced direct observations and also reviews the effectiveness of such systems in health care settings. 3 Allegranzi et al 2010 US To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the World Health Organization hand hygiene improvement strategy in a low-income African country. University Hospital, Bamako, Mali Introducing a locally produced, alcohol-based handrub; monitoring hand hygiene compliance; providing performance feedback; educating staff; posting reminders in the workplace; and promoting an institutional safety climate according to the World Health Organization multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy. Compliance increased from 8.0% at baseline to 21.8% at follow-up 4 Larson, Quiros Lin 2007 US To evaluate implementation and compliance with clinical practices recommended in the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) Hand Hygiene Guideline To compare rates of HAI before and after implementation of the guideline recommendations To examine the patterns and correlates of changes in rates of HAI Survey for 89.8% of 1359 staff members Hospitals that were members of The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System Quantitative study during 2001 – 2004, Hand Hygiene Guideline implementation and compliance measures: the introduction of the guideline within the hospital; the presence of the recommended products on clinical units; institutional policies and procedures regarding hand hygiene, includeing the presence of a formalized plan to monitor compliance. Measure of HAI pre- and post-Guideline: collecting data regarding HAI rates in the ICUs of study hospitals for 12 months before and 12 months following publication of the Hand Hygiene Guideline. Hand hygiene compliance: ranged from 24% to 89% per ICU None of the pre to post-rates of change were associated with hospital characteristics. Assessment of hand hygiene compliance was based on just 2 days of observation 5 Monistrol et al 2011 Spain To evaluate the effectiveness of a multimodal intervention in medical wards in relation to hand hygiene compliance, alcohol-based hand rub consumption and incidence of HAI and MRSA. 825 patients and 868 patients totally in the pre and post period respectively. Conducted at three internal medical wards(113 beds) in Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa, Spain Quantitative: Prospective study during 2007 2009. Carried out in four phases: a baseline phase(10 weeks from February 2007), an intervention period(5 months from June 2007), a post intervention(10 weeks from November 2007) and follow-up evaluation(November 2009) Hand hygiene compliance improved from 54.3% in the pre period to 75.8% in the post period. Alcohol-based hand rub consumption increased from 10.5 to 27.2L per 1000 patient-days. The incidence density of HAI ranged from 6.93 to 6.96 per 1000 hospital days and new Healthcare Associated MRSA went down from 0.92 to 0.25 per 1000 hospital-days. Strengths: conducted in general medical wards with the long-term follow-up Limitations: no control group was used; no group session, compliance observation or surveillance of HAIs was carried out outside the studied area Vic gov http://health.vic.gov.au/clinrisk/publications/clinical_gov_policy.htm sahealth http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/clinical+resources/safety+and+quality/preventing+and+controlling+healthcare+associated+infections

The Twin Track Approach In Sports Physical Education Essay

The Twin Track Approach In Sports Physical Education Essay With the profile of sport in England so high, and in light of the successful Olympic bid for 2012, the opportunity for participation in sport in this country has risen dramatically. The government recognises this opportunity and has always tried to link its self to sporting success, to help promote patriotism, social values and education. The game plan is a strategy for delivering the governments sport and physical activity objects. With the government setting an ambitious task of: increasing sport and physical activity. With the target of achieving 70% of the population participating in 30 minutes of moderate exercise, five times per week. (Sport development.info Oct 2009) The twin track approach in this country is designed to increase the number of people participating in sport on a regular basis. The assumption being that more people participating means the need for more modern facilities, with better coaches which will lead to more medals at elite levels and the country hosting more mega events. This report will show how the national governing body of gymnastics is tackling the challenge that the government has set them at grass-roots and elite levels of performance, as well as hosting mega events. British gymnastics British gymnastics is the UK governing body for gymnastics it is dedicated to developing levels and quality across a range of discipline. British gymnastics is a non profit organisation. Hundreds of thousands of young gymnasts enjoy the sport in school, recreational sessions at leisure centres and at British gymnastic registered clubs that complete the path way from beginner to Olympian. British gymnastics works along side, English gymnastics, sport England, sport UK, lottery funded and many more. (British gymnastics Oct 2009) Grass roots Gymnastics is a foundation sport, this is because it develops, speed, co-ordination, balance and agility. These physical qualities are inherent in most sports, for this reason all British children would benefit from this and most do in their first eight years. Participating in gymnastics from an early age, will acquire physical literacy, which is the foundation for a lifelong participation in physical activity and for a successful performance at elite level of sport. (Gymnastics England Oct 2009) National school games The new key stage 1 and 2 competitions, incorporates body management, floor and vault exercises to develop a young persons core skills. This not only strengthens the first tier of the gymnastics pathways but also: encourages partnerships to engage in gymnastics, strengthens school club links, encourages talent identification, standardises competition in schools, encourages an appropriate competitive environment is set, ensures an increase in the number of children accessing gymnastic competitions, provides a foundation for other sports, nurtures each young persons confidence to continue with an active life style. England gymnastics is working towards creating a single structure for gymnastic competitions in schools. England gymnastics have created an accessible standardised local gymnastic competition for beginners. The programme aims to provide safe enjoyment that will improve learning and lead to a lifelong participation in physical activity. (England gymnastics Nov 2009) The UK school games The UK school games is used to bring a change in the content, structure and presentation of competitive sporting opportunities for young people whilst promoting the work underway in each home nation to improve sport and physical education. The show case opportunity provided by this event offers opportunity to promote and secure change within existing competitive structures. It is used to involve more young people in volunteering in sport, create first class child protection and for identifying young sporting talent. Gymnasts competing in the games have developed through the talent development programmes and will hope to go on to represent their country at international level. The British gymnastics association is working with the schools association to implement national school completion framework to establish development pathways. (Gymnastics England Oct 2009) Schools that register with the British Gymnastic Association (BGA) are allowed to register their details and record levels and nature of participation in gymnastics in a school setting. Registration is free and schools receive the following benefits, e-news featuring profiles of gymnasts, expert ideas for warm ups, competition and judging advice, case studies, and success stories from other schools. Information about: professional development. Free preview resources. Access to: British gymnastics recourses. (British gymnastics Oct 2009) Government announces grassroots grants 2008 Grass root grants aim to make a real difference by working with small local community groups, with an annual income below  £20,000 this could be for new kit, coaching new volunteers, or simply just a lick of paint in the sports hall. Local regional and national businesses are invited through investing in the schemes innovative endowment match challenge, the first of its kind in England. The government has set aside a pot of  £50 million from which it will match endowment investments from businesses, this offers businesses the chance to support and contribute in the communities they operate. (British gymnastics Oct 2009) A commitment to sport The present government has been committed to the development of sport in school since 2000. The launch of the strategy a sporting future for all in 2000 included the following provision, funding for primary schools to provide facilities for pupils and the wider community, the establishment by 2003 of 110 specialist sports colleges, the appointment of 600 sports school co-ordinators and the development of more after school sport provision. Further allocations in funding in 2002 were followed in 2004 by an announcement that a further  £500 million was to invest in school sport for, the completion of the network 400 sports colleges, improving the quality of coaching provision, improving links between schools and sports clubs and training and developing PE/sports teachers skills. (Teaching experience Oct 2009) Development British gymnastics provides British gymnastics registered clubs with information to support their development. It identifies key areas that can help strengthen the club structure and philosophy programmes that can ensure the best environment is available for the gymnasts. (British gymnastics Nov 2009) Gym mark The introduction of sport Englands club mark has encouraged British gymnastics to adopt its own criteria to enable gymnastics clubs to work towards nationally recognised accreditation. Gym mark is British gymnastics club accreditation scheme that recognises a quality club. Gym mark addresses issues such as equality and child protection, which gives confidence to parents choosing a club for their children. Gym mark provides an excellent template for continuing club development, especially its junior structure. Gym mark also gives help and advice in developing skills for everyone including coaches, officials and volunteers. Clubs will be listed with relevant sports directory which will help attract new members and raise clubs profile. (British gymnastics Oct 2009) Coaching British gymnastics has a coach education programme in place to ensure enough fully qualified coaches provide the highest quality of coaching at all levels from grass roots to elite gymnasts to realise their full potential. British gymnastics is approved by the qualification and curriculum authority (QCA) as an awarding body for official gymnastic qualifications in the UK. (British gymnastics Oct 2009) English gymnastics has just been awarded a three year grant of  £2.14 million from Sport England to provide high quality coaches in its clubs throughout England. Clubs and other regional associations have come together and raised  £1.8 million to match the funding and maximise the benefits of the programme. (English gymnastics Nov 2009) Surveys Between March and May this year 45 funded sports including gymnastics were surveyed to measure levels of satisfaction in the individual sport. Over the next four years Sport England will be working with these sports to help improve quality of sporting provision to people in England. (Sport England Oct 2009) Gymnastics and movement for people with disabilities Gymnastics for people with disabilities is an adaptation of main stream gymnastics covering all aspects and can be recreational or lead to competitive opportunities; British gymnastics have been developing a programme for disabled gymnasts starting with motor skills for those with more severe mobility problems, and leading on to a foundation programme for the more able gymnasts. The disability groups can be split into four major areas; learning, physical, hearing and visual impairment. Currently a motor activity programme is being developed which will provide a frame work through which even the most profoundly disabled gymnasts can participate. A competitive programme has been established in artistic, tramp lining, rhythmic, acrobatic and aerobic gymnastics. (English gymnastics Nov 2009) Mega events With the government saying that hosting mega events, will heighten the profile of the sport, which in turn will increase participation, which will lead to better athletes and more medals. Britain has already got the 2012 Olympics, but in October 2009 the artistic world gymnastics championships were held in London for the first time, the championships brought together elite gymnasts from China, France, Korea, Croatia, Japan, USA, Romania, Poland, Spain, Germany, Ukraine, Great Britain, and many more counties, (world gymnastics 2009) The event was a great success for team GB as Beth Tweddle just four days after falling from her favoured uneven bars, won gold on the floor, having become Britains first ever world champion in 2006 on the un even bars Tweddle, became only the 5th woman in history to claim world titles in both events. Beth said I had to prove to myself that I was one of the best on the floor, it is the best feeling in the world. (Daily mail web site 2009) Winning medals Olympic and paralympic sport has come a long way in recent times, it typically takes athletes around eight years to reach their peak once their talent has been identified and nurtured, this involves lots of support from coaches, doctors to bio-chemists. Nothing is left to chance from the food they eat to the kit and apparatus they use. UK sport is dedicated to the delivery of medal success at the worlds biggest events, mainly the Olympic and paralympic games. They are set to invest  £10 million in the next four years in gymnastics to help gymnasts get the best coaching, kit and equipment available. (UK sport) Plans for success After winning 5 medals at the European artistic championships, British gymnastics plans to step up things for success at London 2012, by further developing sport, science and medical services within their elite programme. Louise Fawcett will join the English Institute of sport as head of sport, science and medicine for British gymnastics, co-ordinating support services for the world class funded Olympic performance programme. Fawcett says having worked with high performance sport for many years, having the opportunities to co-ordinate support services for such an exciting Olympic sport is a great challenge. (British gymnastics Nov 2009) Summary With the 2012 Olympics round the corner, and the success of the world artistic championships, the profile of gymnastics in England will never have been so high, thousands of young gymnasts at their local clubs will be hoping that they can go on and become the next Beth Tweddle or Daniel Keating. Schools are doing there up most to ensure that everyone takes part both on a recreational and elite level. Now British gymnastics has introduced its disabled classes it means that everyone can take part. British gymnastics working alongside English gymnastics and sport England means the future of our counties gymnasts is very bright, and with the  £10 million pound being invested in our gymnasts of the next four years the chance of more medal success has never been so great.

Childrens Beauty Pageants Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It’s 7:OO A.M. on a Saturday, kids everywhere are just waking up ready to watch their favorite line up of Saturday morning cartoons. Marie, a four year old child, is preparing for her long weekend of make-up, hairspray, and gowns. Marie is one of many children who are forced by over-demanding parents who pressure their young and innocent children into many beauty pageants each year, and its wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beauty pageants first originated in Atlantic City. It was a marketing tool to make tourists stay in town longer (Banet-Weiser). News struck about this beauty pageant and the local news paper headlined â€Å"The next Miss America†. As beauty pageants grew popular, a Little Miss America was started for parents who wanted their children in the contest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The average beauty pageant costs about $655 which includes the formal wear, sports wear and dance (A&E). The average cost does not include travel, hotel and food, which can be up to an extra two hundred dollars; and in some cases dresses for formal and sports wear can cost up to $12,000 with a minimum of $1500 (A&E). With the vast amount of expenses spent the pressure to win becomes more intense, leaving no room for mistakes. A four year old child should not have to go through the burden of a beauty pageant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Preparing for a pageant requires time and patience, hair lasting around an hour and forty-five minutes, make-up around an hour, and different performances that require some participants to practice for about seven hours a week (A&E). All of this is not healthy at a young age. During these pageants children are judged by the following: modeling sportswear and evening wear, how well they dance, and how much talent they have. They are also judged by their looks how well they perform, and how confident they appear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Approximately 250,000 children participate in pageants each year (Wolf). Mothers who have children in beauty pageants argue that their children gains a boost of confidence through performing in front of crowds. They are also more socially comfortable around other people, and their children mature at a younger age than â€Å"normal† children do. Isn’t seeing a child â€Å"growing old before my eyes† a bad thing. What parent wants to see their child grow up any... ...m have finished with the first of three long days. She looks at her mom with teary eyes as she walks off stage empty handed. She feels that she has failed her mom and herself. Children at such a young age are very fragile, the do not have the experience to learn that they are still a worthy person even if they lose. Marie sees all of the other children leaving with trophies running towards their parents to give them a hug. As she walks of the stage with nothing and see the disappointment of her parents as they turn away. If that isn’t wrong†¦then what is?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited A&E. Inside Story: Baby Beauty Queens Banet-Weiser, Sarah. ‘The Most Beautiful Girl in the World: Beauty Pageants and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  National Identity.† Berkley: University of California Press: 1999. Cawthorne, Andrew. ‘Miss World to emerge from the shadow of deaths,’ (website)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http:/http://www.tiscali.co.uk. Date published: 5/12/2002 18:44 Lester, Time. Venzuela Beauty. Foreign Correspondent, (Dated aired) 03/16/2005. Wolf, Naomi. â€Å"The Beauty Myth. London: Vintage: 1990, pg. 288.

The Courage of Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

Courage is a theme that is shown throughout the entire epic of Beowulf. By definition courage is the state or quality of mind or spirit that enables one to face danger, fear, or vicissitudes on ones own will and determination. There are many things form the epic that could be used to prove this statement, but I chose to use the section entitled "The Final Battle." In this section there are two great speeches given by both Beowulf and Wiglaf. I believe that in both of these monologues courage is portrayed by the two warriors, and it is easy to see why.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Section 14, lines 674-685 Beowulf says,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "....I feel no shame, with shield and sword and armor, against this monster: when   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  he comes to me I mean to stand, not to run from his shooting flames, stand till  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  fate decides which one of us wins. My heart is firm, my hands calm: I need no  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  hot words. Wait for me close by, my friends. We shall see, soon, who will survive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this bloody battle, stand when the fighting is done. No one else could do what I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mean to, here, no man but me could hope to defeat this monster. No one could  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  try..." Now, this passage pretty much explains Beowulf's courage without an interpretation, but for the sake of argument I will interpret it for you. Beowulf is saying that he has no fear in fighting this monster, because he means to stand and not run. He says that his heart is firm and his hands are calm,...

Organisational Culture

Aid in Changing and Improving the Company's Organizational Culture A Proposal to Change and Improve the Company's Organizational Culture All aspects of this proposal are based on a fictitious situation. I will summaries the aspects of the organizational culture and the aspects that could improve the culture of this fictitious organization. I currently hold the position of manager at a small, privately owned coffee bistro/book store. I have been an employee there for 3 years and have held the management title for 6 months. There are a total of 11 employees of differing sections.As cited by Greenberg an organizational culture Is the shared beliefs, expectations, or core values of the all the people within the organization (Schneider, 1990). The proposal outline will be structured around this premise. The organizational culture of the organization where I work There are 6 different kinds of cultures wealth organizations. They are sensitively to others, Interest in new ideas, willingness to take risks, value placed on people, openness of available communication options, and friendliness and congeniality Martin, 1996).I have observed that the organization for which I work embodies 4 of these, which I will discuss in detail in the final report. I also plan to discuss the influence that the owner has had on this culture as well as how the organization has what is referred to as a market culture. As manager I run the organization on behalf of the owner, who is the foremost authority. An organizations culture may be either strong or weak. I believe that we have the latter, as some employees have stated that they feel uninspired by the work that they do.It is my belief that the culture is a relatively healthy one because the employees are valued members of the team and their opinions are respected. However, it can be improved. How new employees are accommodated in my organization In my experience a new employee is always warmly welcomed and informed (by either the owner, manager or colleagues) of the policies, beliefs, and expectations of the organization. Each employee will have an orientation week (which includes necessary training) when they begin their employ.Other than the training, as anger I offer guidance as well as leading by example. How I could improve the culture of my organization I believe that I could assist in improving the culture by making use of the method of organizational memory. A statement of principle would lad In reinforcing the owners vowels. I also suggest that a more ethical organizational culture Is encouraged and will examine the Importance of this as well as how It can be accomplished through leadership and fellow employees.The concept of creatively within the Individual and am Is vital and should be encouraged, this may encourage any employee that feels the work Is not Inspiring or fulfilling. I also suggest regular staff meetings to keep all up to date with progress or hindrances. It Is Important to reward excellenc e and accept mistakes, ensuring that a culture of open-communication can be established (Matheson, 201 3) . Offering incentives to new employees by rewarding their good on to others. The rewards and incentives do not need any monetary support as there are many ways, which will be provided in the report, to do so without cost. Organisational Culture Aid in Changing and Improving the Company's Organizational Culture A Proposal to Change and Improve the Company's Organizational Culture All aspects of this proposal are based on a fictitious situation. I will summaries the aspects of the organizational culture and the aspects that could improve the culture of this fictitious organization. I currently hold the position of manager at a small, privately owned coffee bistro/book store. I have been an employee there for 3 years and have held the management title for 6 months. There are a total of 11 employees of differing sections.As cited by Greenberg an organizational culture Is the shared beliefs, expectations, or core values of the all the people within the organization (Schneider, 1990). The proposal outline will be structured around this premise. The organizational culture of the organization where I work There are 6 different kinds of cultures wealth organizations. They are sensitively to others, Interest in new ideas, willingness to take risks, value placed on people, openness of available communication options, and friendliness and congeniality Martin, 1996).I have observed that the organization for which I work embodies 4 of these, which I will discuss in detail in the final report. I also plan to discuss the influence that the owner has had on this culture as well as how the organization has what is referred to as a market culture. As manager I run the organization on behalf of the owner, who is the foremost authority. An organizations culture may be either strong or weak. I believe that we have the latter, as some employees have stated that they feel uninspired by the work that they do.It is my belief that the culture is a relatively healthy one because the employees are valued members of the team and their opinions are respected. However, it can be improved. How new employees are accommodated in my organization In my experience a new employee is always warmly welcomed and informed (by either the owner, manager or colleagues) of the policies, beliefs, and expectations of the organization. Each employee will have an orientation week (which includes necessary training) when they begin their employ.Other than the training, as anger I offer guidance as well as leading by example. How I could improve the culture of my organization I believe that I could assist in improving the culture by making use of the method of organizational memory. A statement of principle would lad In reinforcing the owners vowels. I also suggest that a more ethical organizational culture Is encouraged and will examine the Importance of this as well as how It can be accomplished through leadership and fellow employees.The concept of creatively within the Individual and am Is vital and should be encouraged, this may encourage any employee that feels the work Is not Inspiring or fulfilling. I also suggest regular staff meetings to keep all up to date with progress or hindrances. It Is Important to reward excellenc e and accept mistakes, ensuring that a culture of open-communication can be established (Matheson, 201 3) . Offering incentives to new employees by rewarding their good on to others. The rewards and incentives do not need any monetary support as there are many ways, which will be provided in the report, to do so without cost.

Eugene Nida

Eugene A. Nida(November 11, 1914 lordly 25, 2011) was a lingual scientistwho developed the propellent- comparing sacred scripture- description scheme. Nida was born(p) inOklahoma City,Oklahomaon November 11, 1914. He became a Christian at a young age, when he responded to the altar c on the whole at his church to require Christ as my Saviour He graduated from theUniversity of Californiain 1936. after graduating he attended Camp Wycliffe, where rule book interpreting surmisal was taught. Later Nida became a founding charter member ofWycliffe parole Translators, a sister organization of thesummertime Institute of Linguistics.In 1937, Nida under as well ask studies at theUniversity of Southern California, where he obtained a Masters decimal point in New Testa workforcet classic in 1939. In 1943, Nida received his Ph. D. in Linguistics from theUniversity of Michigan, His Ph. D. dissertation,A Synopsis of face Syntax, was the root beneficial-scale summary of a major lec ture according to the immediate-constituent theory. He began his c atomic number 18er as alinguistwith theAmeri fire record Society(ABS). He was quickly promoted to Associate Secretary for Versions, then(prenominal) worked as Executive Secretary for supplantings until his retirement.Nida retired in the early 1980s, although he continued to get through lectures in universities all around the world, and lived in Madrid, Spain andBrussels,Belgium. He died in Madrid on August 25, 2011 aged 96. Nida was instrumental in engineering the joint effort in the midst of theVati flush toiletand theUnited record Societies(UBS) to produce cross-denominational Bibles in supplantings across the globe. This work began in 1968 and was carried on in accordance with Nidas rendition pattern of Functional Equivalence. His theatrical roles in general Nida has been a pi championer in the fields of dis castment theoryandlinguistics.His most non fitting contri exactlyion to variant theory is fl ush toilet-do Equivalence, a handle kn ca map as Functional Equivalence. Nida likewise developed the componential-analysis technique, which split intelligence operations into their components to do de vergeine equating in discovering (e. g. bachelor = male + unmarried). This is, perhaps, not the trump example of the technique, though it is the most well- bedn. Nidas slashing-e prime(a) theory is often held in antonym to the views ofphilologistswho confine that an pinch of the pedigree schoolbook edition(ST) an be achieved by assessing the inter-animation of words on the page, and that nub is self-contained indoors the textual matterbookbook (i. e. frequently more concentrate on achieving semantic equating). This theory, along with separate theories of residual in translating, ar elaborated in his turn out teachings of Correspondence,where Nida begins by asserting that presumption that no deuce linguistic processs argon equal, either in the meanings give n to identical symbols or in the substances in which symbols argon regularise in phrases and sentences, it stands to reason that thither send word be no direct rest in the midst of lyrics.Hence, there lowlife be no fully exact definitions. darn the incisionake of a interlingual rendition whitethorn be close-fitting to the superior, there target be no identity in degree. Some of his theories in detail premiere major contri exclusivelyion Dynamic par Nida then sets forth the disaccordences in translation, as he would account for it, within one-third basic factors (1) The nature of the message in just about messages the meaning is of primary shape, and in separates the be moldinessiness be given a higher priority. 2) The purpose of the var.er and of the representative to give in stimulateation on twain discrepancy and guinea pig to cultivate at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she may figure the full discounts of the message for imperat ive purposes that aim at not fairish understanding the translation exclusively besides at ensuring no misunderstanding of the translation. (3) The type of find of hearing presumable audiences differ both in decryptability and in potential interest. Nida assumes in the reminder that patch there are no such things as identical resemblings in translating, what one must in translating seek to do is find the immediate natural equal.Here he identifies cardinal basic orientations in translating based on both different types of equality pro pass watera Equivalence (F-E) and Dynamic Equivalence (D-E). Principle of combat-ready equation * General mental institution In Toward a Science of Translating, Nida depression put forward the principle of high-voltage par which he defines as the consanguinity amidst sensory sensory sense organ and message should be good the alike as that which existed amid the received receptors and the message (Nida,1964, p. 59). Followin g this principle, energising par, as defined by Nida, is to upchuck in the receptor wrangle the nighest natural equivalence of the root word- quarrel message(Nida and Taber, 1969 12). Nida (1964 167) oddly stresses that a natural rendering must fit the receptor language and finishing as a whole the context of the particular message and the receptor-language audience. To put it plain, either the meaning or form should not die foreign.The encumbrance of dynamic equivalence is the receptors receipt, in Nidas receive term, the stage to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the comparable manner as the receptors in the cum language (Nida and Taber, 1969 68). The reaction or repartee is based on the well-rounded reception of the message, not entirely understanding the meaning or content, notwithstanding in addition feeling in the way the reliable readers do. By laying stress on the receptors reception, he underl ines the improvement to the descent text by the receptors subjectivity and aesthetic sense. The meaty features of the principle we must first receive about the essential features of this principle and D-E translation. As Nida himself points out, the essential features of D-E translation consists of the side by side(p) points (1) kindred, which points toward the tooth root-language message. (2) natural, which points toward the receptor language (3) closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation (Nida, 1964). nitty-grittyly these points aim at arousing analogous response surrounded by the source text readers and the conduct text readers.A. Equivalent As mentioned preceding(prenominal), this aims at reproducing the message of the master key text. This is the basic necessary of D-E translation, as is with either early(a) benevolent of translation. That is to say, to produce a D -E translation, the translator must ai m primarily at conveying the meaning of the original text, and to do eachthing else is essentially wrong to his toil as a translator, because translation is basically a kind of communication (Nida and Taber, 1982). B. Natural A D-E translation is directed primarily towards the affinity of response.To achieve this purpose, the translation must be natural, for it is of dandy grandeur to arousing in the take aim readers a response confusable to that of the original readers. To be natural, the equivalent forms should not be foreign either in term of form, or in footing of meaning, which fragrance that the translation should not reveal any signs of its non-native source (Nida, 1975). Nida stresses that pureness in a D-E translation must fit these common chord aspects (1) The receptor language and culture as a whole, 2) The context of the particular message, (3) The receptor-language audience (Nida, 1964). He further remarks The outdo translation does not sound like a trans lation It should not exhibit in its grammatic and stylistic forms any trace of maladroitness or strangeness It should studiously parry translationese he defines as form- barely(prenominal) fidelity, with resulting unfaithfulness to the content and the impact of die message (Nida and Taber, 1982). C. imminent Closest here is of a image nature.On the one hand, it indicates that equivalence in translation can never be exacting identity, because blemish occurs in all forms of communication, whether it admits translation or not (Bassenet and Lefevere, 1990, p. 35). It can only be an approximation, because no two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences. Therefore, the total impact of a translation may be reasonably close to the original, but there can be no identity in detail.On the other hand, since equivalence in translation is honorable a kind of approximation, not absolute identity, it naturally results in the possibility to impart equivalence amongst the source text and the object text on diverse degrees or in different aspects. However, it is the highest degree that a D-E translation is expected to endeavor for. In other words, though loss of meaning is inevitable, the translator should try his best to reduce it to the minimum. D. Similar resolution This is the corpus aim of the D-E translation and all the above three points are directed to it.The term response here refers to the way in which receptors of a text understand the text, including the force play the text produces on them while similar response involves a comparing of two dealing the relation of the stub text readers to the address text should be substantially the same to that of the source text readers to the source text. That is to say, the target text readers must not only know how the source text readers must involve soundless the content of the text, but they should as well be able to appreciate some of the impact and hail which such a text must moderate had for t he source text readers (Jin Di and Nida, 1984). bollock Correspondence in opposition to dynamic equivalence Nida puts forward dynamic equivalence in opposition to schematic correspondence. In speaking of naturalness, he is potently against translationese as we mentioned Basically, a nut equivalence translation, as Nida (1964, 165) states, is source-oriented, which is designated to reveal as very much as possible the form and content of the original message, that is, to match as tight as possible the formal subdivisions like well-formed units, consistency in word usage, meanings in terms of the source context, right to name some. David Crystal, J.R. Firth, Catford and other linguists and translation theorists conform to upon the six takes of formal equivalence, namely, phonetic, phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactical and semantic equivalence. We may thro w more ethereal on formal equivalence or correspondence by citing Catfords view. Catford and his views of equivalence in translation Catfords orgasm to translation equivalence clearly differs from that adopted by Nida since Catford had a preference for a more linguistic-based approach to translation and this approach is based on the linguistic work of Firth and Halliday.Catford has defined formal correspondence as identity of business of correspondent incidents in two linguistic systems for him, a formal correspondent is any TL /target language/ kinsfolk which may be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the same place in the economy of the TL as the given SL/source language/ phratry occupies in the SL (Catford, 1965 32). His main contribution in the field of translation theory is the existence of the beliefs of types and shifts of translation. Catford proposed very broad types of translation in terms of three criteria 1.The extent of translation (full translationvspartial translation) 2. The grammatic cast at which the translation equivalence is set up (rank-bound translationvs. infinite translation) 3. The aims of language touch on in translation (total translationvs. curb translation). We forget refer only to the support criterion of translation, since this is the one that concerns the concept of equivalence, and we result then move on to crush the notion of translation shifts, as elaborated by Catford, which are based on the distinction between formal correspondence and textual equivalence.Inrank-bound translationan equivalent is seek in the TL for each word, or for each morpheme encountered in the ST. Inunbounded translationequivalences are not laced to a particular rank, and we may additionally find equivalences at sentence, clause and other levels. Catford finds five of these ranks or levels in both face and French. Thus, aformal correspondencecould be said to exist between English and French if relations between ranks have appro ximately the same physique in both languages, as Catford claims they do.As furthermost as translation shifts are concerned, Catford defines them as departures from formal correspondence in the abut of going from the SL to the TL (ibid. 73). Catford grapples that there are two main types of translation shifts, namelylevel shifts,where the SL item at one linguistic level (e. g. grammar) has a TL equivalent at a different level (e. g. lexis), andcategory shiftswhich are divided into four-spot types 1. social organization-shifts,which involve a grammatic assortment between the structure of the ST and that of the TT 2.Class-shifts,when a SL item is repeatd with a TL item which belongs to a different grammatical class, i. e. a verb may be translated with a noun 3. Unit-shifts, which involve qualifys in rank 4. Intra-system shifts,which occur when SL and TL possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves picking of a non-corresponding term in the TL system (ibid. 80). For instance, when the SL singular becomes a TL plural.The antecedence of Dynamic Equivalence oer Formal Correspondence In view of the obstruction in retaining formal correspondence, and of the fact that all communication is goal-oriented, no matter intralingual or interlingual communication, the move from the sources intention to the receptors interpretation is kind of an natural and reasonable. So Nidas dynamic equivalence seems a good way to bring up the interlingual communication and it is justified to say that dynamic equivalence often has priority over formal correspondence. C. W.Orr likens translation to painting the mountain lion does not reproduce every detail of the landscape, he selects what seems best to him, and for a translator, it is the spirit, not only the letter that he asks to embody in his own translation (Nida, 1964 162). Merits and demerits of dynamic equivalence theory As is known to all, translation in essence is a kind of communication, and its main line is to let the target reader understand the meaning of the original text. Whether a translation is good or not depends for the most part on whether the target reader understands the original message adequately.However, traditionally, the adequacy of translation is judged only on the basis of the correspondence in words and grammar between the source and target languages, and this is sometimes misleading (Nida, 1993). Since translating substance communication, evaluating the adequacy of a translation cannot stop with a comparison of corresponding lexical meanings, grammatical classes, and rhetorical devices. In short, it cannot stop with a comparison of the vocal forms of the source and target texts.Instead, it should take into consideration the readers response and comparison should be do between the way in which the original receptor understood and appreciated the text and the way in which receptors of the translated tex t understand and appreciate the translated text (Nida, 1993 p. 116). Merits It has a lot of merits to take into consideration the readers response and focus on the likeness between the response of the source text readers and that of the target text readers, which include the following aspects Rationality of Taking into Consideration the Readers Response Since translation is mainly intended for its readers to understand, quite naturally, we should take into consideration how the readers interpret the translation, namely, their response to the target text, and compare it with that of the source text readers to the source text. Only when the response o f the source text readers and that of target text readers are similar can we say that the translation is adequate. If we do not take into consideration the readers response when legal opinion the adequacy of a translation, it is often misleading.As we know, sometimes what seems to be equivalent translation of the original text in term s of lexical, grammatical features may actually distort the meaning. near earlier approaches to translation have focused attention upon the relationship of the source text to the target text, whether in terms of form or content. The concept of dynamic equivalent translating introduces an principal(prenominal) invigorated dimension, namely, the relationship of receptors to the various(prenominal) texts. It deals not merely signs as signs, but focuses on the ways in which oral signs have meaning for receptors.It is really within such a context that discussions of multinational adequacy and acceptability make sense (Jin Di and Nida, 1984). In short, taking into consideration the readers response helps to reproduce the original message adequately and guarantee equivalence between the source text and the target text in real sense. B. Avoiding the Debate over material Translation versus Free Translation Whether to translate true(a)ly or necessitously is an act that has long been overturnd in the translation circle.Some scholars press for literal translation while others argue for stark translation. It seems that the two views depart never reconcile with each other. However, it is no use arguing which is better, since literal translation and free translation both have their rigorousness and limitations. Instead, it is more helpful, in the authors opinion, to deal with this turn off from a different perspective and contribute a principle of translation that can well combine them. In a sense, the principle of dynamic equivalence may avail as an numberive style to turn off the debate.Since it focuses on the similar response, any kind of translation, either literal or free, is adequate, so long as it can arouse the similar response. Thus, the debate over literal translation versus free translation tends to be useless, and the choice between them depends on which can better bring about the closest natural equivalent and elicit substantially the same r esponse. C. Freeing the Translator from the Binding of the master key Verbal Form and Increasing Translatability Languages differ from each other, and each language has its own peculiarities.Sometimes the ways of using language are peculiar to a veritable language. In this case, if the translator focuses on the original verbal form, he is usually incompetent. However, if he turns aside from the verbal form and focuses on the similar response, he can sometimes get around the nut. D. More clear(p) and intelligible text The advantage of dynamic equivalence is that it usually produces a more readable/understandable Bible version. Early translations of Bible were sometimes obscure and may run into the edge of unintelligibility as they were abrupt on preserving the original text. DemeritsNidas dynamic equivalence theory is of great practical value, as well verified by his Bible translation. However, it is not almighty and perfect. There are still some doubts which invite argument. A . The rob nature of dynamic equivalence as a translation criterion The first doubt cast upon the theory is that it is too abstract to be used as a criterion to judge the quality of a translation. Nida maintains, to measure dynamic equivalence, we can only rightly compare the equivalence of response, rather than the degree of agreement between the original source and the later receptors (Nida and Taber, 1969 23).However, the beat is intuitive, dependent upon subjective judgment, for how can we know exactly the responses of the source language receptors, especially if the source text was written ages agone? Moreover, the receptors Nida has in mind are the precise readers of certain text and it is their responses that are require to judge the quality of a translation, but he does not request the amount readers of the translation to check with the source text, since they do not know or just know a little source language, that is to say, those who judge virtually are not average rea ders but the critics of a translation or linguists.B. The degree of naturalness in translation Moreover, in speaking of naturalness, Nida insists that the best translation should not sound like a translation, but I think otherwise for two reasons Firstly, language and culture are inseparable. Language is an inbuilt part of culture, John Lyon says, and that the lexical distinctions draw by each language will tend to reflect the culturally-important features of objects, institutions and activities in the hostelry in which the language operates community that uses a particular language as its means of expression.As translation aims to enable one to get exposed to foreign works, while you are translating a foreign language text, you are introducing its culture as well. The change of some images bearing cultural features will undoubtedly diminish the cultural gist of its language and leave unfinished the task of cultural transmission. By naturalizing the translation, dynamic equival ence, to certain degree, has ignored the assimilating ability of peoples.In contuse of the fact that differences do exist, the similarities between men are finally much great than the differences, and all members of the species cope primal attributes of recognition and response which are manifest in speech utterances and which can therefore be grasped and translated. In sum, to sound natural to the receptor is good, while to keep foreignness or strangeness to certain degree is also permissible. In this sense, as far as the preservation of the cultural elements of the source language is concerned, it is desirable that a translation read like a translation. C. The simplification of the source languageWhat also comes under criticism is that dynamic equivalence risks simplifying the source language, even diminish its literary value. genius of the characteristic features of literary works is the frequent use of figural language and fresh expressions, and the authors real intenti on is to be seek between the lines. If intelligibility or the communicative effect of the receptor language text is unendingly given the priority and all the figurative images in the source text are left out, or all that is unuttered is made explicit, then, despite its intelligibility, the receptor language text reads boring and fails the purpose of literature.Therefore, in translating secular literary works, unlike Bible translation, intelligibility should not be solely stressed. In later years Nida has increasingly realised the problem and in his work From 1 Language to Another, he no long-acting agrees to the priority of intelligibility but places equal fish on intelligibility, readability and acceptability. D. Modification of Dynamic Equivalence and Formal Correspondence cognizant of the defects in his dynamic equivalence theory, Nida continues to transform and perfect his theories, including those concerning formal correspondence.He acknowledges that any element in conn ection with receptor language text is meaningful, including the form For effective impact and appeal, form cannot be separated from content, since form itself carries so much meaning(Nida, 1989 5). If form is sacrificed, meaning is damaged as well, so he cautions the translator not to slowly change the form and asks them to achieve as much formal correspondence as possible, which marks a shift from total neglect of form to attaching certain importance to formal elements.Mention should also be made of his replacing dynamic equivalence by usable equivalence in From One Language to Another. No matter how change the ways of expression of languages are, he holds, they have the same or similar functions, therefore, functional equivalence seems more accurate and precise. E. danger of imprecise translation The translator is freer from the grammatical forms of the original language, he is more likely to exceed the bounds of an accurate translation, in an effort to speak naturally in the native language.That is, the dynamic equivalence translations are capable of being more natural and more precise than are formal equivalence translations, but they are also more capable of being barely wrong. Second major contribution Componential analysis To determine the meaning of any form contrast must be found, for there is no meaning apart from strong differences. Nida (1975 31) states If all the universe were blue, there would be no blueness, since there would be null to contrast with blue. The same is true for the meanings of words.They have meaning only in terms of systematic contrasts with other words which share certain features with them but contrastwith them in jimmy to other features. Nida in Componential Analysis of essence (1975 32) categorize the types of components into two main types, i. e. commonalty component and symptomatic or distinctive component. a. familiar component. This is the central component which is divided up by all the lexemes in the same se mantic solid ground or lexical field. b. Diagnostic or distinctive components.They serve to distinguish the meaning from others from the same domain. A very simple example to apologise these two types is provided by the words man, womanhood, boy, girl, and other related words in English (Leech, 1976 96). These words all belong to the semantic field of human race and the relations between them may be stand for by the following matrix. components man woman boy girl human + + + + adult + + - - male + - + - Table 1. Common and Diagnostic Components of the words man, woman, boy, and girl.In the semantic domain of man, woman, boy, and girl, human is the common component, and they are distinguished by adult, male, female as the diagnostic components. The meanings of the individual items can then be expressed by combinations of these features Man +human +adult +male Woman +human +adult -male Boy +human -adult +male misfire +human -adult -male Before going further with the component ial approach, it is important to consider possible differences in the roles of diagnostic components (Nida, 1975 38).The differences can be best designated as (1) implicational, (2) totality, and (3) inferential. Implicational component are those implied by a particular meaning, though they do not form an essential part of the nerve centre meaning. On the contrary, implicational components last out associated with a meaning, even when other components are negativized by the context. The word repent has three diagnostic components (1) previous wrong behavior, (2) attrition for what has been done, and (3) change of behavior, and the first component is implicational. Whether in a positive or disconfirming context, e. . he repented of what he did or he didnt repent of what he did, the implication is that the person in question did something wrong. The negation affects the core components which specify the central aspects of the event, but does not modify the implicational component . The inferential components of meanings are those which may be inferred from the use of an expression, but which are not regarded as obligatory, core elements. In the expression the police officer ray of light the thief, the thief was killed is the inference, and without further contextual power assumed to be the case.However, it is possible to sweep this inference, e. g. the policeman hitman the thief but didnt kill him. At the same time an inferential component may be explicitly stated, e. g. the policeman shot the thief to death or the policeman shot and killed the thief. Conclusion Nida is a great figure that contributed great efforts to the development of Translation Theories. His numerous books reflect a dramatic translator and researcher as well. His major contribution was the introduction of dynamic equivalence which represented a shift in attention of the process of translation.Nidas dynamic equivalence contributes a remarkable insight into translating and helps to relieve oneself an atmosphere of treating different languages and cultures from an entirely new perspective. The concept of dynamic equivalence, despite having some disadvantages but perfection is inaccessible and the concept really formed a milepost along the road of translation studies and theories working cited 1. Bassnet, Susan & Andre Lefevere, eds.. Translation History & Culture. capital of the United Kingdom Casell, 1990. ingrain 2. Catford, J. C. A Linguistic Theory of translation. London Oxford University Press, 1965. Print 3. Eugene A. Nida. Wikipedia Free Ecyclopedia. Web. 7 April 2013. 4. Jin Di Eugene A. Nida. . On Translation with special Reference to Chinese and English. Beijing China Translation unwrap Corporation, 1984. print. 5. Nida, Eugene A. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden E. J. Brill, 1964. Print. 6. Nida, Eugene A. Language Structure and Translation. Stanford Stanford University Press, 1975. Print 7. Nida, Eugene A. Language, Culture and Translati ng. ingrain Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993. Print. 8. Nida, Eugene A. Charles R. Taber. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden E. J. Brill, 1982. Print. .