Durkheims study of suicide

Durkheims study of suicide Introduction Emile Durkheim was born from a Jewish family in the village of Epinal near Strasbourg, France. He lost faith in God at a tender age and turned to secular view on religion. His work was based on two themes, control of collectivism over individualism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Durkheims study of suicide specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He also dealt with application of scientific methods to study social phenomenon (Alun, 2005). Many scholars from France, England and Germany (Durkheim, 2001) influenced him. His first monumental work was on the social division of labor. He later published a book on rules of sociological methods. He completed his trilogy by publishing a book on sociological theory of suicide in 1897(Durkheim, 2001). In his book on suicide, he used statistical ingenuity to reject previous theories for giving extra social factors such as heredity, climate as causes of suicide. He came up with the sociological theory on suicide, at the end of 19th century. He established a causal relationship between suicide and social cohesion. He maintains that two social factors: integration and regulation determines the rate of suicide (Alun, 2005). He defines social facts as things external to, and coercive of the actor. He used data collected from different cultures and societies, to support his own findings. He carried the study of suicide in statistical and qualitative approach. He used the theory to explain the scientific method of sociology. Durkheim argues that, suicide is a social phenomenon, and the main causes of suicide were social: the end of overpowering of social relationship. He was concerned with element of a group or structures in the society rather individuals. In order to describe, varying rates among different religious and other groups, he studied the characters of these groups. He was not concerned on psychological traits of the component individuals (Watts, 2006). According to his study, he explores the difference in rates of suicide among Catholics and Protestants (Alun, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He argues that Catholics have stronger social controls than Protestants hence lower suicide rates. He talked about collective currents draining down the channels of social structure. The strength of the social current determines the volume of suicide (Watts, 2006). He talked of factors such as depression, which is an independent non-social cause of suicide. Durkheim established various causes and types of suicide. He argued that suicide was because of social causes. One of the social factors he established is religion. According to him, the rate of suicide was different among different religions. He collected data among Catholics and Protestants. He found out that suicide was low among Catholics as compared to Prot estants. This attributes to Catholics having stronger social controls than Protestants (Durkheim, 2001). The freedom given to the Protestants also attributed to high suicide rate among them. He was concerned about geographical issues in relation to a certain religion. He found that, where a religion was the minority in a particular geographical area the suicide rate was low. In cases where religion was majority in a region, the suicide rate was high (Krieken Smith, 2010). According to him, the value of education was high among Protestants and most of the learned people were associated with suicide. He argues that high education did not directly cause suicide but if it causes shaking of traditional values it may be a source of suicide. The cause of more suicide in protestant was not that they were staunch believers than Catholics. It is because the solidarity among Protestants was weaker than that of Catholics (Thomson, 2002). Durkheim also established the role of marriage in relati on to suicide. He found that suicide was high among bachelors than in married men. According to him, being a bachelor increased the likelihood of committing suicide by 160%, while being married reduces the chance of suicide by 50 % (Fenton, 2006). He also did a research on widows and suicide. He discovered that, widows who were 65 years of age committed more suicide as compared to elderly men at the age of 65(Fenton, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Durkheims study of suicide specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He also noted that although widows were more likely to commit suicide than married people were. They were less likely to kill themselves, as compared to bachelors or maiden. Durkheim found that families with children have a lower rate of suicide than families without children. He argues that it is the family cohesion, which is a factor causing suicide rather than marriage. He also established the relations hip between wars or crisis and suicide. During the time, of war and disaster, the rate of suicide was found to be lower than periods without war (Roger, 2000). Durkheim concludes that: society that is more religious has low suicide rate, the stronger the family in society the lower the suicide rate. He also argued that the more integrated the society was the lower the rate of suicide. He referred to this suicide, which is influenced by religion and family as egoistic suicide (Krieken Smith, 2010). This suicide arises because of break down or decreases in social integration and he called it excessive individuation. It occurs when there is poor social integration. This causes people having differences in the value of their lives leading to dissatisfaction. In this case, individuals who are not integrated into social groups are likely to commit suicide. Individuals who are strongly integrated in family structure and social groups do not face such problems hence low suicide rate (Turne r, 2003). Factors leading to egoistic suicide are social facts or currents such as depression and disillusionment. Durkheim also carried a research on altruistic suicide among the less civilized society. This occurs where social integration is too strong hence; a person is forced into committing suicide. It is not the absolute integration that causes suicide, the social forces that go along with it may cause suicide (Turner, 2003). This is where individual needs were considered less valuable than that of a society as a whole. In this case, individuals are not expected to commit suicide. Durkheim cited suicide, such as suicide by old and sick, a widow after death of her husband, a servant after death of a master. This suicide is derived, by believing in large prospective beyond this life (Roger, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Durkheim also talked about suicide in the military. He discovered that the rate of suicide was high in the military service as compared to other ordinary people. According to him, he did not expect this result, as there is unity and strong integration in the military. The rate of suicide in the military increases the length of service. According to him, it cannot be due to lack of interest or inability to adapt to military routines. In addition, rate of suicide was higher among NCOS and officers than among the privates. He also observed that, suicide was higher among the elite unit than among the normal unit. Consequently, he found that the weaker the military spirit in a unit, the lower the rate of suicide. He argues that military officers had given so much of individuality in order to adjust to the routine requirements in the military (Thomson, 2002). He also talked about Fatalistic suicide, which occurs where regulation is too strong such as in an oppressive society. People in th is situation will feel no future improvement of their condition. When they are in that state of melancholy, they are subject to social current of fatalistic suicide. They will choose to die rather than to continue languishing in suppression. For instance, people may prefer to commit suicide instead of staying in prison. He argues that individuals who are in an exceptionally strong regulation are likely to commit suicide compared to those in a normal situation (Durkheim, 2001). According to him, there is also Anomic suicide, which is caused by a decline in regulation or disruption of standards and values. It may arise where normal division of labor is interfered. The regulative system is weakened, causing an individual to feel disrupted. In this situation, a person is affected by anomic social currents. He established that, during economic recession, the rate of suicide increased. Also during periods of high growth rate in the economy there was an increase in the rate of suicide. He argued that poverty did not cause people to commit suicide. These situations weaken social values and norms or make people unsure of the future. This in turn, reduces integration and cohesion in the society, leading to increase in rate of suicide (Alun, 2005). Anomic suicide, involves lack of clarity of aspirations, through restricting social ethics. This indicates a failure of economic growth and division of labor, to produce solidarity in the society. In this case, people do not know their roles and position in society. According to Durkheim, social changes may also cause people to commit suicide. During his time, he established that there were strong correlation between suicide and divorce. The rate of suicide tends to increase with an increase in the rate of divorce. He found out that divorced people are likely to commit suicide three times more than married people. He established that divorced people mostly men are left depressed promoting them to commit suicide. This is becaus e; divorcees are not strongly integrated in the family structure and the society (Turner, 2003). Durkheim also established different types of suicide with their characteristics. He identified three basic types. Egoistic suicide is characterized by apathy, lazy melancholy and disappointment of the skeptic person. For Altruistic suicide, he came up with characteristics, such as energy of passion, calm bravery and mystic enthusiasm. Anomic suicide is characterized by disgust, passionately blaming life in general, or even blaming a person (Durkheim, 2001). He also established mixed types of suicide. Ego-anomic is a combination of egoistic and anomic suicide and are characterized by, mixture of excitement, apathy action and daydreaming. He also identified a mixture of anomic and altruist suicide and called it Anomic-Altruist suicide. Its characteristics are internal despair or disguise and calm feeling of responsibility. Finally, he came up with ego-altruist suicide, which is a combinati on of egoistic and altruistic suicide. This is another mixed suicide and, it is characterized by, melancholy by moral strength, apathy and mystic enthusiasm (Durkheim, 2001). Durkheim in his social theory developed the above types of suicide and their causes, to prove that social factors influence suicide. These types of suicide depend on the level of imbalance between two social currents that are social integration and moral regulation. He described the influence, crisis have on society, for instance war leading to increase altruism, economic boom or disasters leading to anomie (Krieken Smith, 2010). Summary and conclusion Emile Durkheim was concerned, with the effect of social factors on suicide. He had a strong view on society, as well as how individuals are influenced by social factors. He sorts to establish the role of social factors, as opposed to economic, biological and psychological factors. The factors that he established were the level of integration and regulation in th e society. Durkheim argues that, division of labor does not lead to society disintegration but changes forms of solidarity. He argues that freedom should not be mistaken with liberation from all restraints, as it will lead to anomie. Freedom is achieved within a set of rules and discipline. Determination of social factors and their influence on individuals may be considered as work of Durkheim (Durkheim, 2001). Criticism Although Durkheim made a significant contribution to sociology, his suicide theory has some problems. He had a particular perspective on human freedom. In this case, it is difficult to establish the basis of human action and motivation. Social factors more or less influence human behavior. He considers deviation from this being abnormal, and this has to be corrected. In his theory, he has little concern about human motivation, and he is highly concerned about large structural issues. His theory has limited possibility for human action. The theory of model of action, by max Weber or more recent approaches such as symbolic interaction may be useful here. He is concerned about ideas relating to sources of human or society solidarity. He totally ignores conflict and power differences among individuals in the society. He ignores anomic and forced division of labor and considers them as unusual. He also uses little time in their analysis. He assumes that, the sense of self is totally influenced by the society around. He fails to recognize anything inherent within an individual (Watts, 2006). His study of suicide has been termed as logical error. He argues that individual behaviors, such as suicide are influenced by aggregate statistic. Some argues that he explains suicide sociologically within a holistic perspective. In this case, he explains variation among social movements in incidences of suicide, not the suicide of an individual (Durkheim, 2001). Introducing psychological factors such as depression, which is an independent non-social cause of su icide, overlooks his argument that social forces affect these variables, and without these forces individuals may not commit suicide. Berk (2006) criticizes micro-macro relations underlying Durkheim suicide theory. Durkheim also assumes that suicide is affected by social forces and ignores natural factors. He is challenged for being positivist. He ignores the subjective interpretation, that social actors may be of different phenomenon, and individuals to influence social forces. His understanding about the relationship between sociology and morality has been termed as conservative. Finally, his argument that individuals are driven by passion for gratification, which cannot be satisfied, is not fully substantiated in his work (Durkheim, 2001). Reference List Alun, R. (2005). The development of Durkheims Social Realism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Durkheim, E. (2001). Suicide: A study in sociology. New York: The Free Press. Fenton, S. (2006). Durkheim and modern Society. Ne w York: CUP Archive. Krieken, V., Smith, D. (2010). Sociology. French’s Forest NSW: Pearson. Roger, M. (2000). Emile Durkheim: law in a moral domain. California: Stanford University Press. Thomson, K. (2002). Emile Durkheim: A study in philosophy. New York: Routledge. Turner, S. (2003). Durkheim: sociologist and moralist. New York: Routledge. Watts, W. (2006). Durkheim, morals and morality. London: UCL Press.

Kansas State University GPA, SAT ACT Admissions Data

Kansas State University GPA, SAT ACT Admissions Data Kansas State University GPA, SAT and ACT Graph Kansas State University GPA, SAT Scores and ACT Scores for Admission. Data courtesy of Cappex. How Do You Measure Up at Kansas State University? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex. Discussion of Kansas States Admissions Standards: In the graph above, you can see that the majority of applicants to Kansas State University are admitted, and that the admissions bar isnt overly high. The blue and green dots represent students who won admission. Most had SAT scores (RWM) of 950 or higher, an ACT composite of 18 or higher, and a high school average of a B- or better. Kansas State has fixed admissions requirements, and a student with any one of the following will be eligible: a 21 or higher on the ACT, 1060  or higher on the SAT (RWM), top 1/3 class ranking, and a 2.0 GPA in a college preparatory curriculum. The Kansas State admissions process is largely numerical, so grades and test scores are extremely important. The admissions standards, however, vary from program to program. You can see a few red dots (rejected students) and yellow dots (waitlisted students) mixed in with the green and blue in the graph. This is mostly likely because some Kansas State programs have selective admissions and limited space availability. Applicants to the College of Architecture, Planning and Design as well as the Interior Design, Wildlife and Outdoor Management, and Athletic Training programs are held to higher standards than other applicants to other Kansas State programs. To learn more about Kansas State University, high school GPAs, SAT scores and ACT scores, these articles can help: Kansas State University Admissions ProfileWhats a Good SAT Score?Whats a Good ACT Score?Whats Considered a Good Academic Record?What is a Weighted GPA? Articles Featuring Kansas State University: ACT Score Comparison for Kansas CollegesSAT Score Comparison for Kansas Colleges If You Like Kansas State, You May Also Like These Schools University of Kansas:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFort Hays State University:  Profile  Colorado State University - Fort Collins:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Arkansas:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPurdue University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBaylor University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphOklahoma State University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTexas Tech University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Nebraska - Lincoln:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphIowa State University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT Graph

Metallica vs Megadeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Metallica vs Megadeth - Essay Example Cliff Burton was not around for long as in 1986 he passed on in a bus crash on the way to Copenhagen. This was just three years after they had released their first album titled â€Å"Kill Em All†. Currently the band members include; James Hetfield who is the lead vocals and rhythm guitarist, Lars Ulrich does the drums, Jason Newsted does the Bass guitar and Kirk Hammett does the lead guitar (Metallica, â€Å"Kill Em All†). Their first album being was â€Å"Metal up Your Ass† that was later renamed to â€Å"Kill Em All† in 1983. It was followed by â€Å"Ride the Lightning† that was released in 1984. In 1986 they released their third album that was named â€Å"Master of Puppets†. In 1988, they released â€Å"†¦And Justice for All†. The next year they had their debut of the album â€Å"Metallica†. 1996 saw the release of â€Å"Load† that was not wholly completed thus â€Å"Reload† was produced the following year and it sought to complete the album â€Å"Load†. Their eighth album was â€Å"Garage Inc.† that was released in 1998. The following years saw the release of â€Å"S&M† and in 2003; they hit their tenth album that was called â€Å"St. Anger†. It was followed by â€Å"Death Magnetic† that was released in 2008 and their concluding album was â€Å"Lulu† that was released in 2011 (Metallica, â€Å"Albums†). Megadeth is an American heavy metal band from Los Angeles, California that was formed in 1983 by Dave Mustaine after his departure from Metallica due to reasons of excessive drinking. Their members include; Dave Mustaine who is the lead vocalist and guitarist, Chris Broderick who does the guitar and backing vocals, David Ellefson who does bass and Shawn Drover who does the drums and percussion. Their first album was â€Å"Killing Is My Business†¦And Business Is Good† which was released in 1985 and it was the album that catapulted their career into the heavy metal music industry. In 1986 they released their second studio album by the name

Cost Cutting Energy Efficiency Solution for Southern Wal-Mart Stores Research Paper

Cost Cutting Energy Efficiency Solution for Southern Wal-Mart Stores - Research Paper Example Description of the case study Description of the case study Ideally, Walmart has operations overseas and across borders but its primary operations are in the U.S. With significant nearly 25% of its stores and clubs operating in the Southern U.S, Wal-Mart is southern branches contribute significant revenue (Corporate.walmart.com). Wal-Mart sells various merchandize ranging from household items to electronics. However, the energy consumption points are its stores and club operations spread in Southern region. Investment on energy efficiency is a fundamental strategy in cutting the costs in an organization such as Wal-Mart. Energy efficiency is an excellent approach in saving costs for a business without compromise on customer product or service delivery. In the ever competitive business environment, commercial buildings consume an average of 14.1 Kilowatt-hours (KWH) of electricity per year per given facility according to the online statistics that published recently. The extensive cos ts are highly impactful on the financial statements and profitability of an organization. In retail industry, maintaining minimum costs is effective to sustain profitability. Wal-Mart stores in the south operate on an energy saving strategies that dictate sharing of light systems. Furthermore, the company has a culture that encourages its employees to use electricity when necessary. Additionally, the company uses solar systems in some of its stores to offer alternative source. Despite all the above strategies, gap still exist to improve efficiency.

Safeguardung Of The Vulnerable Adults Essay Example for Free

Safeguardung Of The Vulnerable Adults Essay 1.1 Safeguarding means: proactively seeking to involve the whole community in keeping the individual safe and promoting their welfare. Safeguarding is an important part of integrated working. When professionals work together in an integrated way, they put the individual at the centre of all activities to help identify their holistic needs earlier to improve their life outcomes. It is important to see safeguarding as part of a continuum, where prevention and early intervention can help children, vulnerable adults and families get back on track and avoid problems turning into a crisis. Protection is a central part of safeguarding and promoting welfare. It is the process of protecting an individual identified as either suffering or at risk of suffering significant harm as a result of abuse or neglect. 1.2 It is important to evaluate the processes that are in place to ensure that they are working to the good of the individuals. As new policies are brought in, then it is vital to ensure that, the service setting responds to these by updating their own paper work. The only way in which to evaluate as to whether the policies are working is by the feed back from staff and how they respond to situations, when policies are developed it is critical that staff are aware of the changes in the policies and that these policies are available to all staff and these changes are cascaded down. Lessons learned from safe guarding situations should be taken into account and used to strengthen the knowledge of all. 1.3 : The legislation and government policy framework relating to adult safeguarding is subject to considerable debate and change. But includes the following Legal Powers to Intervene Civil Liberties Disclosure and Barring Service Mental Capacity Act 2005 Mental Health Act 2007 Health and Social Care Act 2008 National Policy and Guidance Registered Health and Social Care Providers ‘No Secrets’ sets out a code of practice for the protection of vulnerable  adults. It explains how commissioners and providers of health and social care services should work together to produce and implement local policies and procedures. They should collaborate with the public, voluntary and private sectors and they should also consult service users, their carers and representative groups. Local authority social services departments should co-ordinate the development of policies and procedures. 1.4 Serious case reviews â€Å"are not done to reinvestigate or to apportion blame†, but rather: 1. To establish whether there are lessons to be learnt from the circumstances of the case about the way in which local professionals and agencies work together to safeguard vulnerable adults 2. To review the effectiveness of procedures (both multi-agency and those of individual organisations) 3. To inform and improve local inter-agency practice 4. To improve practice by acting on learning (developing best practice) 5. To prepare or commission an overview report which brings together and analyses the findings of the various reports from agencies in order to make recommendations for future action (ADASS, 2006). The purpose of any case review is to protect vulnerable adults, by drawing upon lessons to be learned from individual cases, making recommendations aimed at preventing similar tragedy by strengthening and improving multi-agency procedures and arrangements. Outcome 7 of CQC essential standards,† safeguarding people who use the service from abuse â€Å" explains the regulations and expectations that a service provider must comply with. The introduction of the No Secrets guidance (2000), which gives councils the responsibility for establishing and coordinating local multi-agency procedures for responding to allegations of abuse. It also introduced the principle that social services departments and their partners should set up adult protection committees, usually referred to as safeguarding adults partnership boards, to coordinate local safeguarding arrangements. The Putting People First concordat described a range of features that were viewed as central to system-wide transformation  of care, including safeguarding. This included: †¢ Joint (local council and PCT) strategic needs assessments to inform the local community strategy and an integrated approach to commissioning and market development. †¢ Prevention, early intervention and enablement becoming the norm. †¢ Universal information, advice and advocacy, irrespective of eligibility for public funds. †¢ Common assessment – with greater emphasis on self-assessment. †¢ Person-centred planning and self-directed support becoming mainstreamed, with personal budgets for everyone eligible for publicly-funded care and support and more people opting to arrange their own support with direct payments. †¢ Adult social care to champion the needs and rights of disabled people and older adults, safeguarding and promoting dignity, supporting a collective voice through user-led organisations, enhancing social capital and developing the local workforce. Paper by department of health gateway reference 16702 outlines the government’s policy on safeguarding vulnerable adults. 1.5 Each county have their information on Safeguarding adults and these can be found on the appropriate websites for the county, which gives the information and guidance on Multi agency procedures. Below is an example from Surrey C.C. which outlines the referral procedures when dealing with a safeguarding alert, from agency level upwards. Prior to this, staff would report to their line manager, or in the case of serious concern, for instance where the person is in immediate danger they would report this to the police directly. Incident and accident report forms would need to be completed and the manager would be expected to take statements from the staff and notify the local authority. 2.1 The organisation should recognise that vulnerable adults have the right to take risks and should provide help and support to enable them to identify and manage potential and actual risks to themselves and others. It is important that the organisation has a policy of ‘positive risk-taking’ and avoids becoming totally risk averse. Risk averse cultures can stifle and constrain and could lead to inappropriate restriction to the individual’s rights. Life is never risk free. Some degree of risk-taking is an essential  part of fostering independence. For instance, if you identify an activity or set of circumstances as potentially risky to a vulnerable adult or group of vulnerable adults, this needs to be offset against the benefits which the individual or group might draw from taking part in that activity. Risk-taking should be pursued in a context of promoting opportunities and safety, not poor practice. In a culture of positive risk-taking, risk assessment should involve everyone affected – vulnerable adults and carers, advocates, staff and volunteers and, where they are involved, health and social care staff. 2.2 Physical abuse: indicators A history of unexplained falls or minor injuries especially at different stages of healing Unexplained bruising in well-protected areas of body, e.g. on the inside of thighs or upper arms etc. Unexplained bruising or injuries of any sort Burn marks of unusual type, e.g. burns caused by cigarettes and rope burns etc. A history of frequent changes of general practitioners or reluctance in the family, carer or friend towards a general practitioner consultation Accumulation of medicine which has been prescribed for a client but not administered Malnutrition, ulcers, bed sores and being left in wet clothing Sexual abuse: indicators Unexplained changes in the demeanour and behaviour of the vulnerable adult Tendency to withdraw and spend time in isolation. expression of explicit sexual behaviour and/or language by the vulnerable adult which is out of character Irregular and disturbed sleep pattern Bruising or bleeding in the rectal or genital areas Torn or stained underclothing especially with blood or semen Sexually transmitted disease or pregnancy where the individual cannot give consent to sexual acts. Psychological abuse: indicators Inability of the vulnerable person to sleep or tendency to spend long periods in bed Loss of appetite or overeating at inappropriate times Anxiety, confusion or general resignation Tendency towards social withdrawal and isolation Fearfulness and signs of loss of self-esteem Uncharacteristic manipulative, uncooperative and aggressive behaviour Financial abuse: indicators Unexplained inability to pay for household shopping or bills etc. Withdrawal of large sums of money which cannot be explained Missing personal possessions Disparity between the persons living conditions and their financial resources Unusual and extraordinary interest and involvement in the vulnerable adults assets Neglect and acts of omission: indicators Inadequate heating, lighting, food or fluids Failure by carer to give prescribed medication or obtain appropriate medical care Carers reluctant to accept contact from health or social care professionals Refusal to arrange access for visitors Poor physical condition in the vulnerable person e.g. ulcers, bed sores Apparently unexplained weight loss Unkempt clothing and appearance Inappropriate or inadequate clothing, or nightclothes worn during the day Sensory deprivation lack of access to glasses, hearing aids etc. Absence of appropriate privacy and dignity Absence of method of calling for assistance Discriminatory abuse: indicators Tendency to withdrawal and isolation Fearfulness and anxiety Being refused access to services or being excluded inappropriately Loss of self-esteem Resistance or refusal to access services that are required to meet need Expressions of anger or frustration Measures that can be taken to avoid abuse taking place can be as follows: 1. Identifying people at risk of abuse 2. Public awareness 3. Information, advice and advocacy 4. Training and education 5. Policies and procedures 6. Community links 7. Regulation and legislation 8. Inter-agency collaboration 9. Empowerment and choice Measures that can be taken to avoid the risk of abuse, is the implementation of robust policies, which need to be monitored and evaluated on a regular basis. Risk assessments should be in place and information should be shared with other professionals involved in the care of the vulnerable adult. Where there is doubt or concerns in respect of an individual, then it is important that these are acted upon with immediate effect and that a multi agency strategy meeting is held, so that a risk assessment may be put together to prevent the service user coming to harm. Reporting and record keeping is essential in such cases as is the sharing of information. 3. Recently in Surrey the first quality assurance,multi agency risk management meeting was held, this was a meeting following a safeguarding incident which took place in July last year. It looked at how the different agencies had worked together to safe guard a vulnerable adult from suspected abuse. Agencies involved , were social care team, police, service provider, housing , g.p’s and specialist nurses. During the period of time prior to this meeting there had been safeguarding meetings on a 6 weekly basis, multi agency risk assessments had been drawn up and had been discussed at length by all of those involved, each member taking part had deadlines to meet on actions raised. When circumstances changed, so did the risk assessments, and always  covered were the â€Å" what if â€Å" scenarios. It was felt from this meeting that everything had been done to protect the service user and that all agencies had worked well together ( I was a participant at this meeting ) 4. All vulnerable adults where possible should contribute to decisions made in respect of the care that they receive. Families and professionals involved in the care of a vulnerable adult, should also contribute to the initial risk assessment which are done and subsequent ones when there are changes. It will become apparent whether systems and procedures put in place are working, with constant recording and reporting back from staff involved in the care of the individual. There may be times, when there needs to be a review of the care plans, or changes to it due to changes within the environment, the service user themselves or their circumstances. This does not always mean that all of those involved get it right all of the time, personally I have been involved in a unsafe hospital discharge, where I challenged the procedures that were in place. Following that there was a senior strategy meeting and it was discussed how we could all move forward together to prevent the type of situation occurring again. The key to getting things right is discussion and not apportioning blame to others, looking at how services can be improved, then implementing them and monitoring them. Feedback is essential from all involved.

Free Essay - Mrs. Linde and Nora in Ibsens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

A Doll’s House Essay: Mrs. Linde and Nora      Ã‚  Ã‚   After reading   â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Hendrik Ibsen. I can conclude that there is both a parallel and a contrast structure in the characters of Mrs. Linde and Nora. A contrasting difference in the characters, are shown not in the characters themselves, but the role that they play in their marriages. These women have different relationships with their husbands. Torvald and Nora have a relationship where there is no equality. To Torvald Nora is an object. Hence, she plays the submissive role in a society where the lady plays the passive role. Her most important obligation is to please Torvald, making her role similar to a slave. He too considers himself superior to her. As for Kristine and Krogstad their relationship is much more open to us. It is apparent that if Kristine and Krogstad were to engage in an argument, it is more likely that that they would come to a compromise. A strong sign that Mrs. Linde brings us a better understanding of Nora is their parallel in characters. Both are willing to sacrifice themselves for values dear to their lives. This act of aiding significant loved ones gives us a better understanding of Nora. It gives us an image of who the character Nora really is. Mrs. Linde shows her loyalty to her family when she did not think that she â€Å"had the right† to refuse her husband’s marriage proposal. After taking into consideration her sick mother, her brothers, and Krogstad having money. She married for the welfare of her family. Which means that in this society family is top priority. To the women is this era, loyalty to their loved ones is highly expected. Then, we have Nora, who on the same token saves her husband (Torvald’s) life, which portrays again, the trend of women sacrificing for their families. They both (Mrs. Linde and Nora) express their feelings of pride and fulfillment in helping their significant others by sacrificing themselves. Nora’s character is made more obvious to us by Mrs. Linde’s actions. Not only did Nora open her mouth about saving her husband‘s life, but she did it with the utmost pride. Claiming to have raised all the money herself she soaks in her self-importance. In Act 1, Nora seems to thrive on the pride she gets from borrowing the money. I suppose that she is feeling useful for a change.

Military Commander & the Law Essay

Both in the civilian and the military population, the issue of legal drinking age has been a contentious issue. The proposal to lower the minimum drinking age among members of the military in different states has attracted a lot of debate all over the United States. The basic argument has been individuals who are able to defend the country and participate in combat missions in Afghanistan and Iraq among other areas are responsible enough to be allowed to legally buy and consume alcoholic drinks irrespective of the age. However, any debate that deals with changes in the law is always a controversial issue. There are a large number of people in support of the lowering of the drinking age in the military to 18 years irrespective of the laws in the state in which the military base is located. On the other hand, it has been opposed by a large number of individuals and groups (Bray & Hourani, 2007). However, it is important to note that if an individual is mature enough to take part in military duties, he is mature enough to drinking and therefore the drinking age in the military should be lowered to 18 years. Surveys carried out in the United States have always indicated that majority of Americans support the abolishment of legal drinking age limits in the military. The Americans are generally for the argument that all individuals in active duties in the armed forces should not be limited by the law to consume beer. Being a democratic country, the policy makers have no option but act according to the will of the majority. In the past, all military officials in active duty were allowed to consume alcohol in their military bases irrespective of the laws limiting the drinking age in the state. This changed in the 1980s when the congress enacted laws that required the states and federal laws on legal drinking age be enforced in the military bases (Powers, 2009). Since then, there have been suggestions to abolish this law in different states. The basic argument has always been if the individual is man enough to be in a battlefield, he should be able to handle beer responsibly. Common sense indicates that an individual is recruited and allowed to work in the military because they are adults and therefore should not be limited by the law (Hoellwarth, 2007). An 18 years individual in the United States has attained the majority age and is considered to have the ability to make informed decisions such as participating in general elections. The person can also take a weapon to defend his country. Does it make sense really for such a person to be denied the right to consume alcohol? I don’t think so. The common believe that tolerance to alcohol increases with age is not necessarily true. There are cases where younger people have been found to be more tolerant. Moreover, tolerance to alcohol is an issue of responsibility and discipline rather than age. Many young people serving in the US military are more responsible that some senior members of the society (Jacobson, et al, 2008). In conclusion, it does not make sense the limit the military personnel from consuming alcohol based on their age. The fact that they are mature enough to take part in combat missions and defend their country suggests that they are mature enough to control their drinking. Moreover, majority of the Americans are in support of abolishing legal drinking age in the military. Reference Bray R. M & Hourani L. L. (2007). â€Å"Substance use trends among active duty military personnel: findings from the United States Department of Defense Health Related Behavior Surveys,† 1980-2005. Addiction; 102(7):1092-101 Gittins, R. A. (1996). The Military Commander & the Law, ISBN 0788172603, DIANE Publishing Hoellwarth, J. (2007). Corps lowers drinking age to 18 in some cases, Retrieved on July 22, 2010 from: http://www. marinecorpstimes. com/news/2007/05/marine_alcohol_070511/ Jacobson I. G, Ryan MAK, Hooper TI, Smith TC, et al. (2008). â€Å"Alcohol use and alcohol-related problems before and after military combat deployment. † JAMA; 300:663–675. Powers, R. (2009). U. S. Military: Military Drinking Age. Retrieved on July 22, 2010 from: http://usmilitary. about. com/library/polls/blmildrinkingage. htm

Facquier Gas Company Essay

The case study link is provided below for the Case Study 2 Facquier Gas Company. Read and study the case and complete the questions at the end of the study. Use the case study outline below to assist you with your analysis. Questions should be answered using case study format. Ensure that you adequately explain the problem, describe alternative solutions and justify your recommendation. This exercise should be able to be completed in approximately 3-6 doubled space pages. Attached completed Case Study #2 as a MS Word document in the assignment area of the classroom – Mr. Murphy, the manager of supply management is responsible for procurement for Fauquier Gas Company. Mr. Murphy specializes in the procurement of materials used in gas distribution such as pipe, meters, fittings, furniture systems and forms, stores management, and materials forecasting and control. A situation has occurred when it has come to the attention of Mr. Murphy that he has understood that Clive Byers, the construction project manager is working on adding an extra 3  ½ miles of new gas lines for the Fauquier Gas Company. Mr Murphy has a few concerns about the procedures and the pipe specification. Mr. Murphy is asking a â€Å"purchase request† from Byers to be sent in good time as the lead time can slow the project down, thus wasting money and time. This requires getting quotations, contacting suppliers and delivery times and it looks like Byers schedule does not give Mr. Murphy enough time to ensure the procedures are carried out correctly. The process also involved ensuring that the purchase request is approved by two units, the design engineer Pat Wilson for approval and the pipe specification Sam Law. Mr.  Murphy contacted Pat Wilson regarding the pipe specification of the standard wall thickness of â€Å"3/4 inches and 37 feet long had changed to 3/8 inches and 40 feet plus or minus 5 feet.† (Hood, J.) Murphy was concerned when Wilson stated that the project would be â€Å"governed by less stringent specifications if the wall thickness was 3/4 inches† and also that Wilson did not get the specifications for the wrappers to be applied to the pipe and stated that â€Å"Fauquier had used two types of wrappers—coal tar and pry-tech.† (Hood.) Murphy is the manager of supply management is responsible for procurement for Fauquier Gas Company and has every right to question Clive Byers actions. Mr. Murphy has identified that there is a problem with the pipe specifications, as â€Å"specifications and standardization play important roles in the search for the right quality and the right value.† (Burt.2009) Murphy is concerned that this deviation in in size and length of the gas pipe could potentially cause conflicts in â€Å"engineering, manufacturing, marketing, and supply management.† (Burt.2009) I can identify that there is a problem with communication, lack or procedures and Byers seems to working on his own instead of being part of a cross functional team. The process of building pipe lines requires several teams to approve piping specifications and design, Byers seems to be misunderstanding of the company’s procedures and standards and is not meeting the standard piping specifications and is lowering the standards of Fauquier by taking less stringent specifications for the new piping. The wall thickness is an issue and the length of pipe might cause problems in construction and Murphy’s role as a supply manager is important that all materials meet the â€Å"specifications and standards set by the company, they must be â€Å"functional, precise and complete.† (Burt.2009) If the pipe is substandard and an accident occurs, life and property could be at risk, this would definitely cause a dispute between â€Å"the purchaser and the supplier.† Mr Murphy would have have gone through the correct procurement procedures to seek a supplier and settle a contract. Mr Murphy’s job is to make sure the buying policies and practise I would recommend that Murphy contact Mr. Charlie Buck, the design superintendent of Fauquier in a timely manner to make sure that the change of specifications is acceptable and or to make the management aware that the piping standard is being reduced. Mr Buck needs to improve the communication and team work, this  could be sorted by more meetings regarding procedures or training. There is a time management issue by Clive Byers, as he clearly doesn’t understand that purchase request may have lengthy lead time which could potentially slow down the business processes. This needs to be addressed by upper management to make sure that Byers submits the purchase request in a timely manner, as he is now potential adding weeks to the project. I would recommend that Mr. Buck rejects the change of change of specifications, a management meeting would then be required to ensure that all upper / middle management understand that specifications and requesting a purchase order in a timely manner is essential to the success of Fauquier. Failing to comply with the piping specifications could cost the company millions of dollars in down time and could cause a potential danger and health hazard with a gas leak. The reputation of the company is at risk and Mr Murphy concerns are eligible to raise as a deviation from standard business practise.

TOEFL Grammar and Structure Practice Quiz

TOEFL Grammar and Structure Practice Quiz This quiz is for in-class use and does not have the answers provided. Take the interactive version of the TOEFL Grammar Practice Quiz for correct answers and results. Fill In The Blank 1. _____ his illness, John continued to play rugby. DespiteAlthoughEven though 2. After many peace corps teachers return to the States, ___________ professional English teachers. often they becomethey often becomeand often become 3. _______ that the American Indian crossed a land bridge into North America from what is now Russia. It is consideredIt is thoughtIt was thought 4. None of the students _____ a car. hashavehave got 5. _______ the Depression, individual stock ownership was common in the United States. It was duringBy the time ofBecause 6. Never before _____ as rapidly, as during the last three decades. communications have developedhave communications developedhave developed communications 7. It is not yet clearly understood _________ cause obesity. why eating too many hamburgers canwhy can eating too many hamburgerseating too many hamburgers can 8. The Eiffel Tower is ________ the Leaning Tower of Pisa. as popular a tourist attraction thanas popular a tourist attraction asas more popular a tourist attraction as 9. While most New Yorkers believe in ghosts, ______ do not. are a few whothere are a few whichthere are a few that 10. With his first painting Le Temple du Mordu, George Lesereaux _______ to establish himself as a master of pointillism. couldwith abilitywas able 11. ______ Chinese is more difficult to learn than English. It is certain thatCertain it is thatCertainly is 12. Thinker and poet, ___________ the Brinker prize for his poem Alexander in 1976. Claude Pinocchio was awardedwas awarded Claude Pinocchiowas awarded to Claude Pinocchio 13. Research now proves that eating fish and chips is healthier than _______ when eating hamburgers.eating hamburgers.to eat hamburgers. 14. It was ______ Johnny finally gave up. such difficult thatso difficult thatso a difficult test that 15. __________, I would have returned it immediately. If I knew that you wanted to read itI had known that you wanted to read itHad I known that you wanted to read it 16. In the 1990s, _________ its premium position in the world economy. the USA returnedthe USA returned tothe USA returning 17. ___________ in a home where two parents work is a difficult task indeed. Children brought upTo bring up childrenBringing up children 18. There has not yet been any decision made _______ will represent the country at the Olympics concerned athletes chosenas to which athletesthose athletes 19. _____________, Shakespeare was also a prolific writer of sonnets. Noting for his playsFamous playsNoted for his plays 20. The Concorde, which is ______________ jet, can reach New York from London is approximately 2 and 1/2 hours. fastest in the worldthe fastest of the worldthe worlds fastest 21. Scientists _____________ the existence of nano-technology capable of computation at the atomic level. newly have developedhave recently developedhave still developed 22. ___________ is portrayed in Hermann Hesses Steppenwolf. Man searching his soulA man searched his soulA man in search of his soul 23. Despite ____________, Jack continued to lose weight. he increased his food intakeincreasing food intakeincreased food intake 24. Singer and entertainer, ____________ for his beautiful and expressive voice. was Frank Sinatra famousfamous was Frank SinatraFrank Sinatra was famous 25. It is not only important to be on time, __________ courteous when replying to colleagues. but also is it important beingbut is it also important to bebut it is also important to be 26. __________ was this check written? To whoWhomTo whom 27. Children attending private schools ____________ being slightly spoiled. are often accused ofoften accusedare often accused from 28. Diets based on only one basic food element ____________ no diet at all. can be as ineffective thancan be as ineffective ascan be so ineffective than 29. ________________ that James Franklin made his stunning debut. It was LionsIt was in LionsLions it was 30. Considering human history, it ______________ using mass communications. has recently been that manis only recently that man has begunonly recently is that man has begun 31. That test was _________________ . such difficult that I almost failedas difficult that I almost failedso difficult that I almost failed 32. Within Tuscany ___________ Matthew Spender. is written fromwas written fromwas written by More Resources Free Online TOEFL Study GuidesTOEFL Vocabulary Practice QuizTOEFL Grammar Practice Quiz

Largest National Parks in the United States

Largest National Parks in the United States The United States is one of the worlds largest countries based on the area with a total of 3,794,100 square miles (9,826,675 sq km) spread out over 50 different states. Much of this land is developed into large cities or urban areas like Los Angeles, California, and Chicago, Illinois, but a large portion of it is protected from development via national parks and other federally protected areas that are monitored by the National Park Service that was created in 1916 by the Organic Act. The first national parks to be founded in the U.S. were Yellowstone (1872) followed by Yosemite and Sequoia (1890).In total, the U.S. has almost 400 different nationally protected areas today that range from large national parks to smaller national historic sites, monuments and seashores. The following is a list of the 20 largest national parks out of the 55 in the U.S. For reference their locations and date of founding have also been included. Largest National Parks in the United States 1) Wrangell-St. Elias Area: 13,005 square miles (33,683 sq km) Location: Alaska Year of Formation: 1980 2) Gates of the Arctic Area: 11,756 square miles (30,448 sq km) Location: Alaska Year of Formation: 19803) Denali Area: 7,408 square miles (19,186 sq km) Location: Alaska Year of Formation: 19174) Katmai Area: 5,741 square miles (14,870 sq km) Location: Alaska Year of Formation: 19805) Death Valley Area: 5,269 square miles (13,647 sq km) Location: California, Nevada Year of Formation: 19946) Glacier Bay Area: 5,038 square miles (13,050 sq km) Location: Alaska Year of Formation: 19807) Lake Clark Area: 4,093 square miles (10,602 sq km) Location: Alaska Year of Formation: 19808) Yellowstone Area: 3,468 square miles (8,983 sq km) Location: Wyoming, Montana, Idaho Year of Formation: 18729) Kobuk Valley Area: 2,735 square miles (7,085 sq km) Location: Alaska Year of Formation: 198010) Everglades Area: 2,357 square miles (6,105 sq km) Location: Florida Year of Formation: 193411) Grand Canyon Area: 1,902 square miles (4,927 sq km) Location: Arizona Year of Formation: 191912) Glacier Area: 1 ,584 square miles (4,102 sq km) Location: Montana Year of Formation: 191013) Olympic Area: 1,442 square miles (3,734 sq km) Location: Washington Year of Formation: 193814) Big Bend Area: 1,252 square miles (3,242 sq km) Location: Texas Year of Formation: 194415) Joshua Tree Area: 1,234 square miles (3,196 sq km) Location: California Year of Formation 199416) Yosemite Area: 1,189 square miles (3,080 sq km) Location: California Year of Formation: 189017) Kenai Fjords Area: 1,047 square miles (2,711 sq km) Location: Alaska Year of Formation: 198018) Isle Royale Area: 893 square miles (2,314 sq km) Location: Michigan Year of Formation: 193119) The Great Smoky Mountains Area: 814 square miles (2,110 sq km) Location: North Carolina, Tennessee Year of Formation: 193420) North Cascades Area: 789 square miles (2,043 sq km) Location: Washington Year of Formation: 1968To learn more about National Parks in the United States, visit the official website of the National Park Service. ReferencesWikipedia.org. (2 May 2011). List of National Parks of the United States - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Parks_of_the_United_States

THE IMPACT OF OUTDOOR PLAY ON YOUNG CHILDREN'S SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AGE Dissertation

THE IMPACT OF OUTDOOR PLAY ON YOUNG CHILDREN'S SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AGE 3-5 IN THE EARLY YEARS SETTING - Dissertation Example The various challenges to outdoor were cited as academic focus, lack of time and initiative on the part of parents and availability if indoor distractions like TV, video-games etc. The observational research concluded that the observed children’s outdoor play activities developed, changed and became more innovative, creative and at times gender specific over the period of observation. The findings also showed that there were positive gains like increased communications and interactions with others, increased initiative to participate in activities and increased awareness of the self and environment. These findings therefor indicate that social development is affected by outdoor play and hence there is a need to develop curriculum to increase participation. Additionally, the research also comments on the lack of awareness about the social benefits among the parents and makes recommendations for developing programs for educating them. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction In troduction Introduction and Research Background Research Questions Research Aims Research Strategy Research Significance Chapter 2: Literature Review A Historical Perspective The Value of Play for Young Children’s Social Development Outdoor Play and Social Development Stages and Levels of Outdoor Play Challenges with Outdoor Play Chapter 3: Methodology Research Methodology-Introduction Methodology and Research Process Sample Pilot Testing and Assessing Validity Administration Ethical considerations Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis Introduction Findings A: Survey of Parents and Teachers Findings B: Interview of Parents and Teachers Findings C: Findings from Observational Research Chapter 5: Conclusion List of Figures and Tables Figure1: Teacher’s Perceptions about Time for Outdoor Play Figure 2: Parent’s Perceptions about Time for Outdoor Play Figure 3: Teachers’ Safety Concerns Figure 5: Teachers’ Perceptions on Uniqueness of Benefits of Outdoor Pl ay Figure 6: Parents’ Perceptions on Uniqueness of Benefits of Outdoor Play Figure 7: Teachers’ Perceptions of Benefots of Out Door Play Figure 8: Parents’ Perceptions of Benefots of Out Door Play Figure 9: Teachers’ Perception of how Outdoor Play Leads to Social Development Figure 10: Parents’ Perception of how Outdoor Play Leads to Social Development Figure 11: Teachers’ Perception of Factors Inhibiting Outdoor Play Figure 12: Parents’ Perception of Factors Inhibiting Outdoor Play Figure 13: Teachers’ Recommendations for Outdoor Play Figure 14: Parents’ Recommendations for Outdoor Play Table 1: Perception of the Essential Time To be Spent in Outdoor Play Table 2: Safety Concerns related to Outdoor Play Table 3: Perceptions of Differential Benefits of Outdoor and Indoor Play Table 4: Benefits of Outdoor Play Table: 5: Outdoor Play Activities Leading to Social Development Table 6: Factors Responsible for Lack of Outdoor Play Table 7: Recommended Actions to Increase Outdoor Play List of Appendices Appendix A: Questionnaire for parents and teachers Apendix B: Interview Questionnaire Appendix C: Observation criteria Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction This chapter contains the introduction and background of the research and explains