Censorship in American Animation Essay Example For Students

Restriction in American Animation Essay Restriction in American activity goes back to the Motion Picture Production Code of 1934, during an exertion that went before the Motion Picture Association of America’s film evaluations framework. The code was characterized as the arrangement of good rules to be followed inside the film business; it at last turned into the main organization overseeing the creation and restriction of most movies delivered or circulated inside the United States before the film evaluations framework was executed. While all movies were dependent upon control under the Motion Picture Production Code, energized shorts and highlights were deliberately investigated because of their effect on kids just as the capacity of illustrators to attract characters any way or participating in any demonstration. Maybe the most celebrated case of control in American movement accompanies the â€Å"Censored Eleven,† a gathering of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies kid's shows that were prohibited from syndication in the United States in 1968. The United Artists studio, which claimed the dispersion rights at that point, chose to stop the future communicate of these eleven explicit vivified shorts because of their political inaccuracy. Since these kid's shows were prohibited for being excessively hostile for contemporary crowds, they have not been formally communicated on TV since their forbidding in 1968. This reality alone gives us understanding the intensity of control. In the example of the â€Å"Censored Eleven,† racial topics are so fundamental to these kid's shows that no measure of particular altering would make the assortment adequate for syndication, circulation, or communicate. With this model, we comprehend that oversight in movement is not the same as other media because of how specific it is in nature. Restriction in war times (explicitly after or around World War II) was less wild than in other timeframes. Superman could without much of a stretch pull off battling the Japanese in 1942 on the grounds that Fleischer and Famous Studios had experienced extraordinary lengths to clarify the kind of foe they were and why we should vanquish them. This adaptation of Superman as an American super-weapon has really been very famous for the duration of the life of the character, which could be contended as generally anticipated. Who better than a genuinely American good example to show kids that the United States can't take the blame no matter what? Also, there is an intriguing critique on the job of oversight in this example. Are energized terroristic-like acts and prejudice unexpectedly worthy once the Japanese or Nazis got associated with the undertakings of United States residents? Maybe control serves a principal job in the perspectives of Americans by picking what feelings to share. The response to these inquiries is tragically as yet being composed. The Production Code of 1934 required from the earlier restriction, which means contents and storyboards should have been affirmed by the oversight authority preceding the completed item being put available. In any case, in the realm of movement, the vast majority of the altering and oversight has been post hoc, which means a completed item being expelled from conveyance or altered without the assent of its makers. This type of specific oversight brings a few good, moral, and creative ambiguities with it and still influences us as Americans today. Control in kid's shows is irregular and fraudulently in its temperament, as observed when looking at the supremacist idea of Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs (one of the â€Å"Censored Eleven†), with the brutality in wartime Superman and the Eleventh Hour. This absence of a uniform standard concerning oversight over the liveliness business prompts the inconsistent and deficient evacuation of conceivably unsafe material. Maybe the most significant thing to note when taking a gander at control inside the movement business is the way that liveliness is considered in numerous occurrences an amusement structure planned explicitly for youngsters. Furthermore, once in a while does a â€Å"Edited for Television† disclaimer prelude a substance altered animation. This legitimately relates the fraudulent idea of American restriction in activity; we need to guarantee that our children are sheltered from faulty material, however we likewise need to overlook its event. .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740 , .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740 .postImageUrl , .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740 , .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740:hover , .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740:visited , .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740:active { border:0!important; } .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740:active , .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740:hover { darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b 740 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u9620f95da619ea5cdc85d22d3315b740:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Communication Technologies - LAN and Topologies and Data Flow EssayThis likewise shows an absence of regard for the craftsmen associated with the creation of these kid's shows and by and by raises the ethical ambiguities worried about restriction. Presently, the American liveliness industry is more about commercialization than portrayal, and the specialty of the enlivened short has almost evaporated from TV in the United States inside and out. This is immediate proof that we have moved to creating story inside full-length vivified shows and highlights. As the political atmosphere in the United States turns out to be increasingly dynamic and moderate, activity control has also. We presently depend essentially on an evaluations and self-oversight framework wherein guardians are guaranteed that studios will maintain the virtues and guidelines suitable for the audience’s separate ages. For what reason would we say we are as yet discussing control in 21st century America? Maybe, in any event while looking at the instance of movement, control in the Golden Age of activity (and even today) had little to do with the procedures encompassing liveliness itself. As referenced previously, these kid's shows were normally altered post hoc, after creation was finished; this gives us the idea that somebody down the line accepted that they were ethically and socially satisfactory to make. Oversight, since we would now be able to comprehend its tendencies completely, can be characterized more as an impression of society and what we decide to be satisfactory as amusement. The discussion about control, however old, is as yet important and proceeds with today, as our thoughts concerning ethical quality and resilience are continually evolving. Catalog: Couvares, Francis G. Film Censorship and American Culture. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1996. Print Heraldson, Donald. Makers of Life: A History of Animation. New York: Drake, 1975. Print. Cohen, Karl F. Prohibited Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. Jefferson, NC: McFarland , 1997. Print. Yenika-Agbaw, Vivian S., Ruth McKoy Lowery, and Laretta Henderson. Fantasies with a Black Consciousness: Essays on Adaptations of Familiar Stories. New York: McFarland , 2013. Print.

Antony and Cleopatra Essay

Investigate the introduction and impacts of adoration in Antony and Cleopatra Antony and Cleopatra is Shakespeare’s exceptionally liquid and close verifiable retelling of the affection story of the Roman fighter, Mark Antony, and the Egyptian sovereign, Cleopatra. The male hero, Antony, is a respectable Roman trooper. That being so Shakespeare presents him as having numerous social character qualities which in this play are influenced, close by with his judgment, by the adoration he feels for Cleopatra. From the start of the play, the crowd can see that Antony’s judgment has been influenced by adoration. This can be seen from the individuals in Antony’s organization. While it is clear they view him as a ground-breaking figure they additionally object to his relationship with Cleopatra. The crowd can see this from Philo’s portrayal of Antony’s â€Å"dotage† that â€Å"O’erflows the measure† (1, 1, 2)1. This shows his fixation on Cleopatra outperforms a reasonable level. Philo says that Antony’s heart has â€Å"become the roars and the fan/To cool a gypsy’s lust†. (1, 1, 7-10)2 This shows a portion of his previous enormity has gone as he has been corrupted to serving, what others see as a â€Å"gypsy†. Notwithstanding this the word â€Å"gypsy† additionally strengthens the Romans dissatisfaction with their relationship as â€Å"gypsy† would give the crowd meanings of an unbridled lady. Anyway minutes before this Antony is depicted to have â€Å"goodly eyes† (1, 1, 2)3 which â€Å"glowed like plated Mars† (1, 1, 4)4. Philo’s reference to â€Å"Mars† the amazing Roman God of war, presents Antony as an incredible, safe God-like being. Anyway this is an exhibition of metaphor as the peruser realizes that Antony, regardless of how wonderful, is as yet a delicate and flimsy human. This utilization of metaphor adds silliness to the play as the peruser distinguishes the misrepresentation and realizes that Antony is mortal. This depiction empowers us to see the clear change in Antony’s judgment. As the play advances the crowd can additionally watch the crumbling of Antony’s enormity basically in light of dreadful choices made by his influenced judgment. This for the most part happens in light of the fact that he battles with the decision of whether to commit himself to an existence of work, or an existence of adoration. As an amazing Roman military pioneer and one of the three Roman rulers Antony ought to have incredibly solid hard working attitudes and belief systems, which thus implies any choices he makes should support work and obligation. Anyway this isn't the situation and his judgment is regularly influenced by his inclination for Cleopatra. Thus this significantly influences his activities, which negates with his morals of work and duty: â€Å"Let Rome in Tiber soften, and the wide curve of the extended realm fall† (1, 1, 33-4)5. Antony communicates his adoration for Cleopatra by saying he couldn't care less if the Roman Empire falls. This shows the stature of Antony’s love for her and the incredible arrangement that she has influenced his judgment. This is all the more so as in spite of the fact that this remark rejects Rome it likewise shows its significance. As Antony is one of three leaders of Rome it ought to be his essential worry to maintain the Roman Empire as opposed to excusing it for affection. Notwithstanding this Antony depicts the realm as having a â€Å"wide arch† this similitude shows to the crowd that he accepts that the Roman Empire is solid and will stay solid without him. In this manner he can have an increasingly pleasurable and loosened up lifetime. This citation is additionally reminiscent of Antony’s profoundly respected situation in the triumvirate. This is delighted due to Shakespeare’s utilization of the artistic method of predictable rhyming. As it is exceptionally mind boggling to write in it improves the significance of his discourse, this is done essentially on the grounds that he is expressing his energy for Cleopatra which he accepts is a higher priority than everything else. During Act 3 Antony gets Thidias kissing Cleopatra’s hand. His envy goads him and he orders his men to â€Å"Take thus this Jack and whip him† (3, 13, 94)6. This is less respectable as he shows silly conduct and furious which are viewed as Egyptian attributes instead of Roman social qualities, as Romans are exact, quantifiable and objective. His treatment of Thidias can be viewed as an Egyptian quality for the most part since it reviews Cleopatra’s comparative treatment to the detachment in Act 2 scene 5 as she additionally says: â€Å"Thou will be whipped† (2, 5, 65)7. This again shows unreasonableness because of adoration, which both the darlings share. This equal infers a closeness in their energetic demeanor that can be incited outside self ability to control. Thus this shows their tallness of enthusiasm as the two of them are desirous and nonsensically envious, which shows the power of their adoration. Notwithstanding this the absence of poise exhibited by Antony shows his effect of judgment as Romans consider self to be as a demonstration of mindfully, which is held similarly as high as their morals of work. Regardless of Antony’s not exactly precise judgment in past scenes he is as yet a Roman on a fundamental level and shows certain angles which benefits Rome and the thought of work. Antony encounters a significant enthusiastic battle when he weds Caesar’s sister Octavia. Antony takes an interest in the marriage for political reasons wanting to solidify himself to his obligations. Be that as it may, he was still trapped in a battle among Rome and Egypt.

Warm Bodies Chapter 16 Free Essays

string(25) flips it around for me. ‘Julie,’ I state, propping to admit my last sin. ‘I need . . We will compose a custom exposition test on Living, breathing people Chapter 16 or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now . to let you know . . .’ Blast. The Stadium’s field incandescent light flare like suns and 12 PM becomes sunlight. I can see each pore in Julie’s face. ‘What the hell?’ she heaves, whipping her head around. A puncturing caution further breaks the night’s quietness, and afterward we see it: the Jumbotron is aglow. Dangling from the upper scopes of the open rooftop like a tablet slipping from Heaven, the screen plays a blocky movement of a quarterback running from what gives off an impression of being a zombie, arms outstretched and grasping. The screen flickers among this and a word that I think may be: Penetrate ‘R . . .’ Julie says, stunned, ‘did you eat someone?’ I take a gander at her urgently. ‘No ch . . . no choi . . . no choice,’ I falter, my expression falling in my condition of frenzy. ‘Guard . . . halted me. Didn’t . . . mean. Didn’t . . . want.’ She squeezes her lips together, her eyes drilling into me, at that point gives a solitary shake of her head as though banishing one idea, focusing on another. ‘Okay. At that point we have to get inside. God damn it, R.’ We run into the house and she pummels the entryway. Nora is at the highest point of the steps. ‘Where have you folks been? What’s going on out there?’ ‘It’s a breach,’ Julie says. ‘Zombie in the Stadium.’ ‘You mean him?’ The failure in her answer makes me jump. ‘Yes and no.’ We hustle into Julie’s room and she flips off the lights. We as a whole sit on the floor on the heaps of clothing, and for some time no one talks. We simply sit and tune in to the sounds. Watchmen running and yelling. Gunfire. Our own substantial relaxing. ‘Don’t worry,’ Julie murmurs to Nora, yet I know it’s for me. ‘It won’t spread a lot. Those shots were presumably Security taking them out already.’ ‘Are we free, then?’ Nora inquires. ‘Will R be okay?’ Julie takes a gander at me. Her face is dreary. ‘Even in the event that they think the break began from a characteristic passing, that monitor clearly didn’t eat himself. Security will know there’s in any event one zombie unaccounted for.’ Nora follows Julie’s eyes to mine, and I can nearly envision my face flushing. ‘It was you?’ she asks, stressing for lack of bias. ‘Didn’t . . . mean. Was . . . going . . . murder me.’ She says nothing. Her face is clear. I meet her gaze, willing her to feel my devastating regret. ‘It was my last,’ I state, stressing to drive language once more into my simpleton tongue. ‘No matter what. Vow to the skymouth.’ A couple of anguishing minutes pass. At that point Nora gradually gestures, and addresses Julie. ‘So we have to get him out of here.’ ‘They shut everything down for breaks. All the entryways will be bolted and watched. They may even close the rooftop on the off chance that they get frightened enough.’ ‘So what the heck are we expected to do?’ Julie shrugs, and the motion looks so disheartening on her, so off-base. ‘I don’t know,’ she says. ‘Once once more, I don’t know.’ Julie and Nora fall rest. They battle it for a considerable length of time, attempting to concoct an arrangement to spare me, yet in the end they capitulate. I lie on a heap of jeans and gaze up at the brilliant green roof. Not all that simple, Mr Lennon. Regardless of whether you attempt. It appears to be minor now, a flimsy silver covering on a huge dark tempest cloud, however I think I’m figuring out how to peruse. As I gaze toward the glowing system, letters meet up and structure words. Hanging them into full sentences is still past me, however I appreciate the impression of those little images clicking together and blasting like cleanser air pockets of sound. In the event that I ever observe my significant other again . . . I’ll at any rate have the option to peruse her unofficial ID. The hours overflow by. It’s long after 12 PM, however brilliant as early afternoon outside. The incandescent light slam their white light against the house, pressing in through splits in the window conceals. My ears tune to the sounds around me. The girls’ relaxing. Their little moving developments. And afterward, at some point around two toward the beginning of the day, a telephone rings. Julie comes wakeful, gets up on one elbow. In some far off room of the house, the telephone rings once more. She loses her covers and holds up. Odd to see her from this point, overshadowing me as opposed to groveling under. I’m the person who needs securing now. One mix-up, one brief slip by of my freshly discovered judgment †that’s all it took to disentangle everything. What a huge duty, living as a good being. The telephone continues ringing. Julie leaves the room and I finish her the dim, reverberating house. We step into what seems, by all accounts, to be an office. There is an enormous work area shrouded in papers and plans, and on the dividers different sorts of phones are in a bad way to the Sheetrock, various brands and styles, all from various periods. ‘They rerouted the telephone system,’ Julie clarifies. ‘It’s progressively like a radio at this point. We have direct lines to all the significant areas.’ Each telephone has an ID sticker stuck beneath it, with the area Sharpied onto the clear. Howdy, my name is: Nurseries KITCHENS Distribution center Carport Ordnance Hall 2 GOLDMAN DOME AIG ARENA LEHMAN FIELD Etc. The telephone that’s ringing, a pea-green rotational dialler canvassed in dust, is named: OUTSIDE Julie takes a gander at the telephone. She takes a gander at me. ‘This is odd. That line is from the telephones in the relinquished external regions. Since we got walkie-talkies no one uses it any more.’ The telephone thumps its chimes, boisterous and resolute. I can’t trust Nora is still sleeping. Gradually, Julie gets the beneficiary and puts it to her ear. ‘Hello?’ She pauses. ‘What? I can’t under †‘ Her temple wrinkles in fixation. At that point her eyes extend. ‘Oh.’ They slender. ‘You. No doubt, this is Julie, what do you †‘ She pauses. ‘Fine. Better believe it, he’s right here.’ She holds the telephone out to me. ‘It’s for you.’ I gaze at it. ‘What?’ ‘It’s your companion. That fat fuck from the airport.’ I snatch the telephone. I put the earpiece to my mouth. Julie shakes her head and flips it around for me. You read Living, breathing people Chapter 16 in class Exposition models Into the recipient I inhale a paralyzed, ‘M?’ His profound thunder snaps in my ear. ‘Hey . . . sweetheart boy.’ ‘What’s . . . Where are you?’ ‘Out in . . . city. Didn’t know . . . what might get with . . . telephone, however had . . . to attempt. You’re . . . okay?’ ‘Okay however . . . caught. Arena . . . bolted down.’ ‘Shit.’ ‘What’s . . . going on? Out there.’ There is quietness for a second. ‘R,’ he says. ‘Dead . . . as yet coming. More. From air terminal. Different spots. Parts . . . of us now.’ I’m quiet. The telephone meanders from my ear. Julie takes a gander at me eagerly. ‘Hello?’ M says. ‘Sorry. I’m here.’ ‘Well, we’re . . . here. What now? What ought to . . . do?’ I lay the telephone on my shoulder and take a gander at the divider, at nothing. I take a gander at the papers and plans on General Grigio’s work area. His techniques are all drivel to me. I have no uncertainty it’s exceptionally significant †food allotment, development plans, weapon dissemination, battle strategies. He’s attempting to keep everybody alive, and that’s great. That’s fundamental. However, as Julie stated, there must be something considerably more profound than that. The earth under that establishment. Without that firm ground, it’s all going to crumple, again and again, regardless of what number of blocks he lays. This is the thing that I’m keen on. The earth under the blocks. ‘What’s going on?’ Julie inquires. ‘What’s he saying?’ As I investigate her restless face, I feel the jerk in my guts, the youthful, excited voice in my mind. It’s occurring, carcass. Whatever you and Julie activated, it’s moving. A decent ailment, an infection that causes life! Do you see this, you stupid screwing beast? It’s inside you! You need to escape these dividers and spread it! I point the telephone towards Julie so she can tune in. She inclines right up front. ‘M,’ I state. ‘Yeah.’ ‘Tell Julie.’ ‘What?’ ‘Tell Julie . . . what’s happening.’ There’s a delay. ‘Changing,’ he says. ‘Lots of us . . . evolving. Like R.’ Julie takes a gander at me and I can nearly detect her neck hairs remaining on end. ‘It’s not simply you?’ she says, moving ceaselessly from the telephone. ‘This . . . resuscitating thing?’ Her voice is little and conditional, similar to a young lady jabbing her head out of a reinforced hideout following quite a while of life in obscurity. It nearly shudders with tight-chained expectation. ‘Are you saying the plague is healing?’ I gesture. ‘We’re . . . fixing things.’ ‘But how?’ ‘Don’t know. Be that as it may, we need to . . . accomplish a greater amount of it. Out there . . . where M is. â€Å"Outside†.’ Her fervor cools, solidifies. ‘So we need to leave.’ I gesture. ‘Both of us?’ ‘Both,’ M’s voice snaps in the earpiece like an overhang dropping mother. ‘Julie . . . some portion of it.’ She eyes me regrettably. ‘You need me. Thin minimal human young lady. Out there in the wild, running with a pack

IMF AND India Relations free essay sample

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, nations endeavored to support their bombing economies by pointedly raising boundaries to remote exchange, depreciating their monetary standards to go up against one another for trade showcases, and diminishing their residents opportunity to hold outside trade. These endeavors end up being pointless. World exchange declined forcefully (see outline beneath), and work and expectations for everyday comforts dove in numerous nations. This breakdown in worldwide money related participation drove the IMFs originators to design an establishment accused of regulating the universal financial systemâ€the arrangement of trade rates and global installments that empowers nations and their residents to purchase products and ventures from one another. The new worldwide element would guarantee conversion scale security and urge its part nations to take out trade limitations that prevented exchange. The Bretton Woods understanding The IMF was considered in July 1944, when agents of 45 nations meeting in the town of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in the northeastern United States, concurred on a system for universal financial collaboration, to be set up after the Second World War. We will compose a custom exposition test on IMF AND India Relations or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They accepted that such a system was important to evade a reiteration of the awful monetary arrangements that had added to the Great Depression. The IMF came into formal presence in December 1945, when its initial 29 part nations consented to its Articles of Arrangement. It started procedure on March 1, 1947. Soon thereafter, France turned into the main nation to obtain from the IMF. The IMFs enrollment started to grow in the late 1950s and during the 1960s the same number of African nations got autonomous and applied for participation. Yet, the Cold War constrained the Funds enrollment, with most nations in the Soviet range of authority not joining. 1. 2 IMF: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a universal association that was started in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference and officially made in 1945 by 29 part nations. The IMFs expressed objective was to aid the reproduction of the universes global installment framework postâ€World War II. Nations contribute cash to a pool through a standard framework from which nations with installment irregular characteristics can obtain reserves briefly. Through this action and others, for example, observation of its individuals economies and the interest for self-remedying arrangements, the IMF attempts to improve the economies of its part nations. The IMF portrays itself as â€Å"an association of 188 nations, attempting to cultivate worldwide money related participation, secure budgetary solidness, encourage universal exchange, advance high business and reasonable financial development, and decrease neediness around the globe. † The associations expressed targets are to advance global monetary co-activity, worldwide exchange, business, and conversion scale solidness, including by making budgetary assets accessible to part nations to meet parity of installments needs Its home office are in Washington, D. C. , United States. 1. 3 Member nations IMF part states IMF part states not tolerating the commitments of Article VIII, Sections 2, 3, and 4 The 188 individuals from the IMF incorporate 187 individuals from the UN and the Republic of Kosovo. All individuals from the IMF are additionally International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) individuals and the other way around. Previous individuals are Cuba (which left in 1964) and the Republic of China, which was shot out from the UN in 1980 in the wake of losing the help of the US President Jimmy Carter and was supplanted by the Peoples Republic of China. Be that as it may, Taiwan Province of China is as yet recorded in the official IMF files. [ Apart from Cuba, the other UN expresses that don't have a place with the IMF are Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Nauru and North Korea. The previous Czechoslovakia was ousted in 1954 for neglecting to give required information and was readmitted in 1990, after the Velvet Revolution. Poland pulled back in 1950â€allegedly forced by the Soviet Unionâ€but returned in 1986. Capabilities: Any nation may apply to be a piece of the IMF. Post-IMF arrangement, in the early post war period, rules for IMF enrollment were left generally free. Individuals expected to make intermittent enrollment installments towards their share, to cease from cash limitations except if conceded IMF consent, to comply with the Code of Conduct in the IMF Articles of Agreement, and to give national financial data. Notwithstanding, stricter guidelines were forced on governments that applied to the IMF for financing. The nations that joined the IMF somewhere in the range of 1945 and 1971 consented to keep their trade rates made sure about at rates that could be balanced uniquely to address a key disequilibrium in a critical position of installments, and just with the IMFs understanding. A few individuals have an extremely troublesome relationship with the IMF and in any event, when they are still individuals they don't permit themselves to be checked. Argentina for instance will pass on an Article IV Consultation with the IMF. Advantages: Member nations of the IMF approach data on the monetary strategies of all part nations, the chance to impact other members’ financial arrangements, specialized help with banking, monetary undertakings, and trade matters, money related help in the midst of installment challenges, and expanded open doors for exchange and venture. Fundamental Countries In the IMF The primary individual from the IMF is the US, which likewise appreciates selective veto power. Different nations that appreciate casting a ballot rights are Japan, Germany, France, China and the UK as its primary part. In view of the share framework, the IMF allocates every part nation with casting a ballot force, memberships and uncommon drawing rights (SDRs). By and by there are enrollments of 184 nations over the world and a staff of roughly 2,680 from 139 nations. All out Quotas to the degree of $312 billion (starting at 8/31/05). Advances exceptional $71 billion to 82 nations, of which $10 billion to 59 on concessional footing (starting at 8/31/05) and specialized Assistance gave 381 man a very long time during FY2005. Observation conferences finished up 129 nations during FY2005, of which 118 deliberately distributed data on their interview. 1. 3 Functions The IMF attempts to encourage worldwide development and monetary security. It gives strategy counsel and financing to individuals in monetary challenges and furthermore works with creating countries to assist them with accomplishing macroeconomic dependability and diminish destitution. The method of reasoning for this is private global capital markets work incompletely and numerous nations have restricted access to monetary markets. Such market defects, along with equalization of installments financing, give the avocation to legitimate financing, without which numerous nations could just address huge outside installment lopsided characteristics through measures with unfriendly consequences for both national and worldwide monetary flourishing. The IMF can give different wellsprings of financing to nations in need that would not be accessible without a monetary adjustment program upheld by the Fund. Upon introductory IMF development, its two essential capacities were: to regulate the fixed conversion standard courses of action between nations, hence helping national governments deal with their trade rates and permitting these legislatures to organize monetary development, and to give momentary cash-flow to help balance-of-installments. This help was intended to forestall the spread of worldwide financial emergencies. The Fund was likewise proposed to help repair the bits of the worldwide economy post the Great Depression and World War II. The IMFs job was on a very basic level modified after the coasting trade rates post 1971. It moved to looking at the monetary approaches of nations with IMF credit understandings to decide whether a deficiency of capital was because of financial changes or monetary strategy. The IMF likewise inquired about what sorts of government strategy would guarantee monetary recuperation. The new test is to advance and execute approach that diminishes the recurrence of emergencies among the developing business sector nations, particularly the center pay nations that are available to enormous capital outpourings. As opposed to keeping up a place of oversight of just trade rates, their capacity got one of â€Å"surveillance† of the general macroeconomic exhibition of its part nations. Their job turned into significantly increasingly dynamic in light of the fact that the IMF presently oversees monetary approach rather than simply trade rates. Also, the IMF arranges conditions on loaning and credits under their strategy of contingency, which was set up during the 1950s. Low-salary nations can obtain on concessional footing, which implies there is a timeframe with no loan fees, through the Extended Credit Facility (ECF), the Reserve Credit Facility (SCF) and the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF). Non concessional advances, which incorporate financing costs, are given for the most part through Stand-By Arrangements (SBA), the Flexible Credit Line (FCL), the Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL), and the Extended Fund Facility. The IMF gives crisis help by means of the recently presented Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI) to every one of its individuals confronting critical equalization of installments needs. Reconnaissance of the worldwide economy The IMF is commanded to administer the global money related and monetary systemand screen the financial and budgetary strategies of its 188 part nations. This movement is known as reconnaissance and encourages worldwide co-activity. Since the death of the Bretton Woods arrangement of fixed trade rates in the mid 1970s, reconnaissance has advanced to a great extent by method of changes in techniques as opposed to through the reception of new commitments. The obligations of the Fund transformed from those of gatekeeper to t

Sample Cause and Effect Essay Topics For Middle Schools

Sample Cause and Effect Essay Topics For Middle SchoolsSample cause and effect essay topics for middle schools are required at this age. However, sometimes when preparing this kind of essay topics are too complex for the students. In such cases the teacher may give them an easier assignment.Many elementary school students like to copy the works of famous writers or famous scholars. In this case a research paper can be written for this purpose by the students.Even a non-fiction work of this sort can be written by the students. The research paper can be written about a new subject in the science department. However, in order to write the research paper students need to write under a certain deadline. Before writing their research paper they should spend time in a room and make a list of all the questions that need to be answered in order to complete the project.Sample cause and effect essay topics for middle schools are also required for high school students. They are asked to write a research paper on a new topic in the same department as the research topic. The writing task is mostly easier for students at this age.All the material that is needed to complete the project needs to be collected from the subject matter experts. The students can collect the required information from the websites of these experts. After collecting the necessary information the students can start the research project.When the students want to create a certain theme in their research paper they can contact the subject matter experts. For example, if the students want to write a research paper on a topic related to animals, they can contact the subject matter experts. The experts may suggest them about the animal stories and can give a description of different animals, so that the students can build a research paper that includes different animals.Sample cause and effect essay topics for middle schools are required for teenagers and children in the eleventh grade. They are required to w rite research papers on different subjects. All the topics are usually related to social studies and other subjects. Most of the teenagers prefer writing a research paper that involves social studies or some other topic.The homework assignment for students in middle schools is to ask the teacher for the help of the subject matter experts. In this way, the students will have a chance to interact with the experts and will learn something about the subject matter. So the students will be able to properly analyze the subject and write a research paper accordingly.

Munchausen Syndrome Symptoms and Treatment

Munchausen Syndrome Symptoms and Treatment Psychotherapy Print Munchausen Syndrome Overview By Dawn Stacey, PhD, LMHC twitter linkedin Dawn Stacey, PhD, LMHC, is a published author, college professor, and mental health consultant with over 15 years of counseling experience. Learn about our editorial policy Dawn Stacey, PhD, LMHC Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 18, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 24, 2019 UpperCut Images/Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Munchausen syndrome is considered to be a mental disorder. People who have Munchausen syndrome will usually act as if they have a true physical or mental issue even though they are really not sick. This behavior does not just happen one time. A person with Munchausen syndrome will often frequently and purposely act like he or she is sick. Munchausen syndrome used to be its own disorder, but under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), it is now called factitious disorder imposed on self. This is a mental disorder where individuals deliberately create, complain of, or exaggerate symptoms of an illness that does not really exist. Their main intention is to assume the sick role to have people care for them and be the center of attention. Diagnosis Criteria Diagnosing Munchausen syndrome can be very hard because of all of the dishonesty associated with this disorder. Doctors must first rule out any possible physical and mental illnesses before considering a diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome. Additionally, in order to be diagnosed with Munchausen syndrome/factitious disorder imposed on self, the following four criteria must be met: Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease, associated with identified deceptionThe individual presents himself or herself to others as ill, impaired, or injuredThe deceptive behavior is evident even in the absence of obvious external rewardsThe behavior is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as delusional disorder or another psychotic disorder Symptoms The main symptom shown in a person affected by factious disorder imposed on self (AKA Munchausen syndrome) is deliberate causing, misrepresenting, and/or exaggerating of symptoms (physical or psychological) when the person is not actually sick. They may suddenly leave a hospital and move to another area when it is discovered that they are not being truthful. People with Munchausen syndrome can be extremely manipulative, since the main symptom of this disorder has to do with deception and dishonesty. Additional symptoms may  include: Wanting others to view them as being sick or impairedFalsifying medical records to specify an illnessPhysically hurting themselves to cause an injuryDoing something to purposely injure  themselves in order to cause an illness (for example, drinking a poisonous substance to have a violent stomach reaction) Behavior Because an individual affected by factitious disorder imposed on self will deliberately try to cause an illness or injury, the following are some examples of behavior you may see in somebody who may be diagnosed with this disorder: Exaggeration of an actual injury that may lead to additional and unnecessary medical interventionComplaining about neurological symptoms (such as seizures, dizziness, or blacking out), the presence of which is difficult to determineReporting being depressed and suicidal following an event (like a death of a child) even though there was no death and/or the person does not even have a childManipulating a laboratory test (for example, by adding blood to urine or ingesting a medication) to obtain a false abnormal result Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy Both Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are categorized as factitious disorders. With Munchausen syndrome, the person presents himself or herself to others as being sick, whereas with Munchausen syndrome by proxy, the person presents another individual as being ill or injured.This other individual, who can be a child, another adult, or pet, is considered to be a victim. A person affected by Munchausen syndrome by proxy may also be guilty of criminal behavior if his or her actions consist of abuse and/or maltreatment. Causes The exact cause of this disorder is not known. Due to the deception surrounding Munchausen syndrome, it is also not known exactly how many people are affected by it (but the number is expected to be very low). The onset of symptoms usually occurs in early adulthood, often after hospitalization for a medical condition. Unfortunately, this is a complex and poorly understood condition. One main theory of what causes this mental disorder is a history of abuse, neglect, or abandonment as a child. A person may have unresolved parental issues because of this trauma. These issues may, in turn, cause the individual to fake being sick. People may do this because they: Need to feel important and be the center of attentionHave a need to punish themselves by making themselves sick (because they feel unworthy)Need to pass responsibility for their welfare and care on to other people Effects of Childhood Trauma Another theory as to what causes Munchausen syndrome is if a person has a history of frequent or prolonged illnesses that required hospitalization (especially if this took place during childhood or adolescence). The rationale behind this theory is that individuals with Munchausen syndrome may associate their childhood memories with a sense of being taken care of. After becoming adults, they may try to achieve the same feelings of comfort and reassurance by pretending to be ill. There may also be a link between personality and factitious disorder imposed on self. This is because personality disorders are common in people with Munchausen syndrome. This disorder may stem from the person’s inner need to be seen as sick or disabled. It could also be due to the person having an insecure sense of their own identity. Individuals affected by this disorder are willing to go through extreme measures, such as undergoing painful or risky tests or operations in an attempt to gain the sympathy and special attention given to people who are truly sick. So pretending to be sick allows them to assume an identity that elicits support and acceptance from others. Admission to the hospital also gives these individuals a clearly defined place in a social network. Prognosis Factitious disorder imposed on self is a habitual condition, so it can be very difficult to treat. People with this disorder will often deny that they are faking symptoms, so they usually refuse to seek out or follow treatment. Because of this, the prognosis tends to be poor. Munchausen syndrome is associated with severe emotional difficulties. Individuals are also at risk for health problems or death because of their purposeful actions of trying to hurt themselves. They can suffer additional harm from complications associated with multiple tests, procedures, and treatments. Finally, people diagnosed with Munchausen syndrome are at a higher risk for substance abuse and suicide attempts. Warning Signs If you are concerned that someone you know may be affected by Munchausen syndrome, there are some warning signs that you can  look out for. The main sign is that the individual seems to always be complaining about and/or exaggerating symptoms of an illness. Additional warning signs can include: Presence of symptoms only when the person is alone or not being observedExtensive knowledge of hospitals and/or medical terminology (including textbook descriptions of illnesses)Extensive but inconsistent medical historyComplaints of new or more symptoms following negative test resultsProblems with identity and self-esteemReluctance or unwillingness to allow medical professionals to meet with or talk to family, friends, or past medical providersAmbiguous symptoms that are not able to be controlled and become even more severe or change after beginning treatmentWillingness or eagerness to go to the hospital as well as undergo medical tests, operations, and proceduresHistory of obtaining treatment at several hospitals, clinics, and doctors offices (possibly in different cities or zip codes) Treatment Although individuals with Munchausen syndrome may actively obtain treatment for the numerous disorders they create, these individuals typically do not want to admit to and seek treatment for the actual syndrome. People affected with factitious disorder imposed on self deny they are faking or causing their own symptoms, so obtaining treatment tends to be dependent on somebody else suspecting that the person has this disorder, persuading the individual to receive treatment, and encouraging the person to stick to treatment goals. The main treatment goal for Munchausen syndrome is to change the persons behavior and lessen the misuse/overuse of medical resources. Treatment usually consists of psychotherapy (mental health counseling). During treatment sessions, the therapist may try to challenge and change the thinking and behavior of the person (this is known as cognitive-behavioral therapy). Therapy sessions may also try to uncover and address any underlying psychological issues that may be causing the persons behavior. During treatment, it is more realistic to have the person work toward managing the syndrome as opposed to trying to cure it. A therapist may try to encourage these individuals to avoid dangerous medical procedures as well as unnecessary hospital admissions. Medication is typically not used in the treatment of Munchausen syndrome. If the person is also suffering from anxiety or depression, a doctor may prescribe medication. If this is the case, it is important to closely monitor these individuals because of the higher likelihood of using these medications to purposely hurt themselves. In addition to individual therapy, treatment may also include family therapy. Teaching family members how to properly respond to a person diagnosed with Munchausen syndrome can be helpful. The therapist can teach family members not to reward or reinforce the behavior of the person with the disorder. This may make lower the individuals’ need to appear sick since they may no longer be receiving the attention they are seeking.

Racism and Research - Free Essay Example

The main discussions in Brandt’s article were basically explaining how they conducted the experiment and the how the era in which It happened effected it. Social Darwinism was big at the time so the way white people saw people of color was horrific but what was worse is that some physicians accepted these beliefs so that reflected in their work. Brandt, A.M. discussed how they chose their subjects, the tests given to everyone to evaluate them to see if they were right for the tests, how the health authorities portraited these men as sexual animals and how they were really focused on their genitals, and the end results of the study. One of the positive things in my opinion was the formation of boards and legislations for the health department. It consisted of nine board members. It is beneficial to the people of the community to feel safe and protected by the people who are supposed to be taking care of them. Having this committee was a crucial first step in rebuilding trust. Although it was formed afterward it was still needed. This case study should never be replicated nor, will it ever be acceptable to replicate. Anyone who has basic knowledge and understanding on how to treat people can tell you this case study was unethical. There are rules and regulations, as well as basic human rights to follow for every person to perform their duties in each chosen field of profession. The health providers conducting these experiments blatantly offered a treatment to these men with no real intentions of treating them. From the way they selected the subjects, to the way they got tested to be a part of the experiment, to the time length of the experiment, to how many people died and how many kids born after had syphilis, it is all unethical. Although some people will argue that these consequences were needed to get the results of finding an antibiotic to properly treat this disease, many will argue that the health service system could have went about it a different way. Which they should have. From a sociological perspective this is a conflict. I believe at the time the white race did feel threatened by people of color and they felt it was a competition. There was inequality, there was racism, there was two groups of people who didn’t like each other. This case however involved heavy conflict because again it disregarded basic human rights as well as not providing the right medicine to save lives even when they said they would treat them. To avoid these conflicts they should have provided people with the truth from the beginning. If we are looking at it from a utilitarianism stand point the consequences of the study did not bring overall happiness to the community. Although I think Khant would argue the logic of the study was to find a cure in which they did but, I also think he would see it as unethical. I believe the people who were behind this study had no virtues, they were not truthful, they were not compassionate, nor did they have any moral code of conduct. I n my final thoughts I think the people who conducted these studies should be given the death penalty based on the number of people they allowed to die.

Essay On Complex Intervention In Mental Health Care

A Focus on Complex Interventions in Mental Health Care: Individualized Care and Recovery Today, people face a lot of mental health problems such as stress, depression, anxiety, panic attacks, and schizophreniabecause of the excessive demands and risks in life. People with mental health problems, tend to exhibit some emotional variations such as changes in mood, chronic anxiety, and erratic thinking (Allen, Marmot, WHO, FundacÃŒ §aÃŒÆ'oCalousteGulbenkian,2014). According to WHO (2003; and Allen, Marmot, WHO, FundacÃŒ §aÃŒÆ'oCalousteGulbenkian, 2014), often, mental health problems result from the combination of certain factors such as childhood neglect and abuse, stigma and discrimination, social loneliness and isolation, long-term stress, the death†¦show more content†¦According to Patel, Flisher, Hetrick, and McGorry(2007), treatment of for mental disorders has not been easy even in the developed country considering the limited professionals. Even when one accesses treatment, the interaction between patients and caregivers can sometimes be strained bythe absence of mental health professionals, the non-specialists struggle before they can offer quality mental-health care (Patel, Flisher, Hetrick,McGorry, 2007). According to WHO (2008), there have been increased cases associated with lack of treatment especially with persons with alcohol and substance abuse. Another challenge to access mental health treatement is the concern that the information about the treatemnent will be public (Tanielian, Jaycox, Jaycox, Rand Corporation, 2008). Thus, for the interventions to be effective, there is the need to ensure that the right treatment and recovery model is applied. According to Jacob (2015), the concept of individualized recovery process is about being in control of one’s life. One reconstructs or recovers a valued sense of purpose and identity. Mental health practitioners such recommend for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) although it might not be available. The cognitive model is focused on the development of individual’s coping mechanism that change any unhelpful cognitiveShow MoreRelatedMaternity Care Of Women With Mental Health Issues1500 Words   |  6 PagesWithin this essay maternity care of women with mental health issues will be analysed and discussed in conjunction with contemporary society and health care provision. Raynor and Oates (2014) portray pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium as a significant but normal life-changing event that can transform lives of women and lead to intensified levels of anxiety, emotion, self-doubt, stress and strain due to the responsibilities of parenthood and changes this presents to family dynamics. Mental healthRead MoreBiomedical And Social Model Of Health1712 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will focus on the biomedical and social model of health. It will be critically discussing both models using supporting theories and highlighting the limitations of each. This essay will also discuss and analyse how both models relate to lay perspectives on health and illness. What is health and illness? In order to analyse and critically discuss the two models that are biomedical and social we first have to understand the concept and terms of health and illness. (WHO, 1948) describesRead MoreThe Role of a Midwife in Maternity Care1448 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will be relating to an episode of care that was provided to a woman, her partner and their baby on day five during the postnatal period. It will examine the role of the midwife in relation to breastfeeding and how this was not achieved in the case study which is shown in the appendix. 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The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board - 1193 Words

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to assume the responsibility of overseeing the auditors of public companies. The PCAOB is a private-sector, non-profit corporation. It was established to protect the interests of investors and further the public interests in the preparation of informative, fair, and independent audit reports. (The PCAOB) Although the PCAOB is a private sector organization, it has many government-like regulatory functions. The PCAOB was created in response to an increasing number of accounting restatements by public companies during the 1990s and a series of recent high-profile scandals like Enron and WorldCom. Prior to the PCAOB, the audit industry was self-regulated†¦show more content†¦Many firms are upset by this rule because of its limitations. However, I believe that this new rule is a good idea. Previous engagements between firms and clients have been given a large notice of when the rule will be in ef fect. They are given plenty of time to finish their engagements. This new rule may allow small firms more possibilities to increase their clientele. We may be moving away from having a small number of large firms doing all the services to having many firms providing the services. Also, Rule 3523 will ensure independence. Another issue that has arisen since the establishment of the PCAOB is the increased compliance costs. In 2007, the PCAOB has been awarded a budget of 136,429,000 dollars by the SEC. Of that amount, 79,514,000 dollars will be used to pay for salaries. (The PCAOB) The PCAOBs budget is paid by public companies through fees and audit firms through fines. These fines can reach 100,000 dollars for individual auditors and up to 2 million dollars for audit firms. Many firms have increased their audit fees due to the increase in costs, partly due to the PCAOB. The PCAOB continues to grow each year. Their powers and responsibilities continue to grow, which in turn will lead to a larger budget. The SEC should take into consideration these additional fees for businesses and auditing firms when they determine the salaries of employees. The average salary for each employee is over 150,000 dollars, which is a substantialShow MoreRelatedThe Public Company Accounting Oversight Board774 Words   |  4 Pages Congress created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) or known as the Board, a nonprofit corporation in 2002 after Sarbanes- Oxley Act. The PCAOB purpose is to keep watch over audits of public companies in order to protect investors. 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Essay on Slavery in Latin America - 4587 Words

Slavery in Latin America Chile History Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th cent., the Araucanians had long been in control of the land in the southern part of the region; in the north, the inhabitants were ruled by the Inca empire. Diego de Almagro, who was sent by Francisco Pizarro from Peru to explore the southern region, led a party of men through the Andes into the central lowlands of Chile but was unsuccessful (1536) in establishing a foothold there. In 1540, Pedro de Valdivia marched into Chile and, despite stout resistance from the Araucanians, founded Santiago (1541) and later established La Serena, Concepcià ³n, and Valdivia. After an initial period of incessant warfare with the natives, the Spanish†¦show more content†¦The colonial aristocracy and the clergy had been discredited because of royalist leanings. The army, plus a few intellectuals, established a government devoid of democratic forms. Yet with the centralistic constitution of 1833, fashioned largely by Diego Portales on Chiles part icular needs, a foundation was laid for the gradual emergence of parliamentary government and a long period of stability. During the administrations of Manuel Bulnes (1841-51) and Manuel Montt (1851-61) the country experienced governmental reform and material progress. The war of 1866 between Peru and Spain involved Chile and led the republic to fortify its coast and build a navy. Chileans obtained the right to work the nitrate fields in the Atacama, which then belonged to Bolivia. Trouble over the concessions led in 1879 to open war (see Pacific, War of the). Chile was the victor and added valuable territories taken from Bolivia and Peru; a long-standing quarrel also ensued, the Tacna-Arica Controversy, which was finally settled in 1929. Chile also became involved in serious border troubles with Argentina; it was as a sign and symbol of the end of this trouble that the Christ of the Andes was dedicated in 1904. With the exploitation of nitrate and copper by foreign interests, chiefly the United States, prosperity continued. The Transandine Railway was completed in 1910, and many moreShow MoreRelatedSlavery in Latin America1676 Words   |  7 Pages#65279; Slavery in the Americas was quite diverse. Mining operations in the tropics experienced different needs and suffered different challenges than did plantations in more temperate areas of Norther Brazil or costal citys serving as ports for the exporting of commodities produced on the backs of the enslaved peoples from the African continent. This essay will look at these different situations and explore the factors that determined the treatment of slaves, the consequences of that treatmentRead More Slavery In Latin America Essay example1641 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery In Latin America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Slavery in the Americas was quite diverse. Mining operations in the tropics experienced different needs and suffered different challenges than did plantations in more temperate areas of Norther Brazil or costal city’s serving as ports for the exporting of commodities produced on the backs of the enslaved peoples from the African continent. This essay will look at these different situations and explore the factors that determined the treatment of slaves, the consequencesRead MoreSlavery in Latin America vs Us3432 Words   |  14 PagesSlavery and its Impact in Latin America Vs the United States Slavery originally started in Latin America and the West Indies by the French, Spanish, and Portuguese after the conquest, to replace the depopulated labor of the Indigenous people. Shortly after, slavery became a profitable enterprise for the capitalistic driven United States. Some of the principal laws and systems of slavery were the same in both regions, but others were later changed. It brought about many changes, with respectRead MoreEssay on Latin America And Slavery1933 Words   |  8 Pages Prior to its independence Latin America had been controlled by external forces for hundreds of years. To be freed of control from these outside interests did not in any way guarantee Latin America a return to the status quo. In fact, the inhabitants of Latin America had done very well in assimilating their in house controllers. They adopted European language, religion, color, and just about everything else that the European culture had to offer them. Although they were free to do as they pleaseRead MoreEuropean Exploration And Conquest Of Latin America1277 Words   |  6 PagesBefore European exploration and conquest in Latin America the indigenous people lived off the land working mainly to support themselves. Despite having conflicts of their own, most Latin American tribes would coexist peacefully relative to what was to come. Some, more advanced civilizations, such as the Aztec, did have conditions somewhat similar to those that would soon spread to the rest of Latin America. Wh en European settlers started to take over the Americas, however, conditions got markedly worseRead MoreGeorge Reid Andrews Afro Latin America1584 Words   |  7 PagesGEORGE REID ANDREWS: AFRO-LATIN AMERICA In this paper, I would arguer that the history of USA is intertwined with the issue of Blacks – their enslavement and freedom but it has not as yet been focused that this subject has far greater impact in Central and Latin America, thus the greater impact of blacks in Central and Latin America would be the main theme or argument of this paper. This book, Afro-Latin America by George Reid, is the first attempt to focus on this side of the African DiasporaRead MoreGeorge Douglas And Abraham Lincoln903 Words   |  4 PagesIn Robert E. May’s, Slavery, Race, and Conquest in the Tropic, May tackles the notion of slavery in the tropics and how Douglas and Lincoln campaigned against slavery in the tropics . He first states the differences between Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln’s positions concerning southward expansionism and how these two influential men arrived at and supported their stances. Robert May goes on to show potential U.S. expansion into Latin American and Caribbean territories led to the growing discontentRead MoreSimilarities And D ifferences Between The French And Latin American Revolutions1044 Words   |  5 PagesFrom 1750 to 1914, several important revolutionary processes occurred in the Americas, including those of North America and Latin America. The North American and Spanish American Revolutions were similar in that they both shared the common goal of liberation from the foreign colonial governments that ruled over them. However they differed in that there was no goal for social reform in the American Revolution, but in the Haitian Revolution the slaves had the goal of social reform of the rigid socialRead MoreThe Haitian Revolution And Latin American History1278 Words   |  6 Pages The Haitian Revolution was one of the most important slave revolts in Latin American history. It started a succession of other revolutionary wars in Latin America and ended both colonialism and imperialism in the Americas. The Haitian Revolution affected people from all social castes in Haiti including the indigenous na tives, mestizos, mulattos and the Afro-Latin. The idea of starting a rebellion against France began with the colony’s white elite class seeking a capitalist market. These elites inRead MoreLatin America Revolutions Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesVienna, revolts plagued many European countries as well as several areas in Latin America. France was driven from Haiti, Portugal lost control of Brazil, and Spain was forced to withdraw from all its American empire except for Cuba and Puerto Rico. Colonial government in South America came to an end. Three countries where revolts were successfully established were Haiti, Venezuela, and Brazil. The countries in Latin America benefited from the revolts because they became free from colonial rule, but

The Effects Of Physical Education On Children - 1594 Words

According to the New York Times the United States is the 11th worst country for obesity rates out of 15 developed countries and the Program for International Student Assessment measurement found the U.S. ranked 31st in math literacy and 23rd in science (Klein). Since 1980, the obesity rate for children has been rising at a steady rate, while the education and cognitive ability of children has been falling at a steady rate. We can assume there is correlation between the physical fitness of children and their cognitive ability and come to the conclusion that exercise is crucial to the development and cognitive ability of children. It is estimated that almost 48 percent of schools in the U.S. do not have physical education class. In order to†¦show more content†¦PE teaches children how to participate in many sports and activities and introduces new fun ways to be active. A student might not know he or she likes a sport until being taught at school. For example, I was not fan of ultimate Frisbee growing up. I was made to play it in PE class and I ended up loving it. Now I own a few Frisbees—which are extremely cheap—and I play Frisbee every chance I get. This is just one example of an easy to learn, fun, low cost sport that PE taught me. A school can also add a lifetime sport requirement to their curriculum. This will give the students an opportunity to learn a sport that they can play its entire life and will increase their chances of living an active lifestyle. According to Figure 1, students who take P.E. in schools are far more likely to be active outside of school. Life time sports not only act as a way to stay fit but also as a social outlet (Emerson). Many of them require a partner or an opponent. Lifetime sports are great activities to strengthen relationships with people. If a student knows a lifetime sport, it increases their chances of living an active lifestyle. Figure 1. (Holland). Schools need to encourage students to participate in sports and active extracurricular activities. Sports and extracurricular activities are crucial to the student’s social development. â€Å"Sports programs teach students about teamwork, goal-setting, the pursuit of excellence in performance, and many other

Time Warner Cable Free Essays

Large-scale mergers between media companies are becoming more and more commonplace in recent years causing alarm to consumers and industry analysts. The result of these mergers has been a consolidation of market competitors causing media ownership and influence to be controlled by a smaller and less diverse group of firms, the essence of anti-competitiveness. Most recently, Compact announced its intent to acquire Time Warner Cable (ETC) which, if approved, will unite the two biggest companies in the cable television market (Steelers, 2014). We will write a custom essay sample on Time Warner Cable or any similar topic only for you Order Now The merger would give unprecedented power to the newly merged company which would over 30 percent of the pay television subscribers (Baker, 2014). The fact is that separately, Compact and ETC already have market power in numerous local geographic markets. Compact is the nation’s largest provider of pay television with 22 million subscribers (41 percent of all homes and businesses in the geographic areas in which Compact operates). ETC is the second largest cable television company with 1 1. 2 million subscribers. After the merger, approximately one third of all cable television bickerers will be Compact customers sparking concern about the amount of leverage and influence one company should control (Rhombohedra Camilla, 2014). There are varying opinions about the kind of economic industry cable television market operates in. Many argue that cable television is a â€Å"natural monopoly’ (source). Economics professor, Thomas Delivered, explains, natural monopolies occur when production technology, such as relatively high fixed costs, causes long-run average total costs to decline as output expands. In such industries, the theory goes, a single reducer will eventually be able to produce at lower cost than any two other producers, thereby creating a ‘natural’ monopoly. Higher prices will result if more than one producer supplies the market. (Delivered, 1996, p. 43) Natural monopolies are created when the initial investment in the framework and infrastructure required to enter the market are so high that it discourages other firms from coming into the market. Installing cable lines is an example of the high cost of starting a business in the television industry and a â€Å"first come, first serve† mentality for natural monopolies. Implementing the cable lines is considered a sunk cost and is one reason why there are such overwhelming difficulties to entry in the cable industry. With natural monopolies, economies of scale are also very significant so that minimum efficient scale is not reached until the firm has become very large in relation to the total size of the market allowing it to recoup its investment. The graph below shows the demand curve of a natural market economy (Economics Online, 2014). When price is allowed to be set by the company (P), it results in higher levels of profit and manipulation of the market. The company’s main concern is in the bottom line and maximizing its profits. The chart also shows a potential price (Pl) that would result if there was some regulation; for example, government imposes a price cap and the company operates at a loss. The cable television industry has also been described as a â€Å"patchwork of micro-monopolies† (Honda, 2011, p. 1). Since there are a small number of large companies that compete on the national scale, some argue that the industry cannot be classified as a monopoly or natural monopoly. However, the market structure, permitted and/or encouraged by the government, is set up so that Hess companies do not compete on the local level which results in small scale monopolies and little to no choice for the consumers. A 2011 survey by the Federal Communications Commission concluded that 61. 5 percent of customers had only one choice of cable provider in their neighborhood (Marten, 2012). The theory is that through local government legislation and result in nearly non-existent competition on the local level between cable companies has led to a non-competitive oligopoly (Shafer, 2014). Although the cable industry natural monopoly may have made sense initially, the companies that have been able to benefit from this market structure have exploited the consumer and been able to charge high prices for mediocre products. Many of the government regulations that were initially implemented at the onset on the industry were controversial; firms paid franchise fees enabling them to obtain decisions through offers of building public access studios and regulating the rates of the politicians’ Jurisdiction (Shafer, 2014). Notwithstanding the exact classification, there is a general consensus that too few companies in the cable television industry hold too much power. It is evident when comparing the service that the American public receives in terms of cable television and broadband from these companies to other developed nations that we consumers receive far less. Americans pay more for their personal service that in any other industrialized country except Chile, Mexico and Turkey (Crawford, 2014). In the United Kingdom, the government forces the cable companies which dominate the market to lease their networks to competitors at cost. This weakening of one of the major barriers to entry in the system has created competition and brought prices down considerably to the UK population (Caddis, 2014). There are many negative consequences for consumers when industries operate in monopolistic or near monopolistic competition. This is especially true when the industry is related to the media and has a great deal of influence on what the public is seeing and hearing. First, the media market will be too reliant on and loyal to large corporate sponsors. The industry will become singularly focused on what it can get from the consumer rather than concern with public interest. Second, a small number of colossal companies will represent the interests of their stockholders, usually America’s upper-class. Third, there is a lack of competition in the marketplace which leads to higher prices to the consumer and a lack of innovation in the products offered. These problems are exemplified by both ETC and Compact. In 2012, ETC spent Just 9 percent of its $41 billion revenue on maintaining and upgrading their equipment and networks (Hilt, 2013). Compact spent even less, 3. 7 percent of its $118. 3 billion revenue. There is little reason to believe that two companies spending such a small percentage of their revenue on making improvements to their products and services would change their strategy cost-merger. Consumers are already troubled with the possibility that the merger will be approved. Cable television companies already have critically low satisfaction scores among their clients. ETC and Compact are the two worst offenders in the industry. In 2013, the American Consumer Satisfaction Index gave the two companies the dubious distinction of having the lowest rated television and internet services in the United States (Ezra, 2014). According to Yogurt’s Barehanded, Americans do not want ETC and Compact to merge (Including, 2014). The television cable industry is notoriously retrieved by consumers in general and the announcement of the merger has caused the perception of the two companies to drop even further. The following chart shows how consumers are reacting to the $45 billion deal. In many cases, customers have no recourse other than cutting the cable cord completely if they do not choose Compact or ETC. There are many non-cable media options for the public to patron however, one major section of the population has no choice but to subscribe to cable: sports fans. This is of particular concern to the Dodgers and Lasers fans in Los Angles. Currently, ETC spent billions to obtain eradicating right to both massively lucrative sports franchises (Baker, 2014). This allows ETC to extract steep subscriber fees to its non-cable competition. When the negotiations between the companies stall or are incomplete, ETC blacks out the games to those who do not subscribe to ETC. This is especially problematic for sports fans who do not have the choice to become customers of ETC since the company does not even offer services in their region. Additionally, those customers who cut the cable cord are likely only able to access internet through the same company that was already overcharging for their television service. They will be able to watch Nettling or Hull instead of cable television but will still have to pay Compact in order to do so. It creates a catch-22 in the industry and very little choice for consumers in terms of who they select as their service provider. The merger between Compact and ETC will have a much greater impact than simply in the cable television industry alone. There will be a ripple effect in internet and phone service as well as the other media that these companies own such as NBC Universal and Sportsmen. The merged company’s control will be more widespread because of their various endures making it all the more potentially harmful to the consumer. How to cite Time Warner Cable, Essays

Promissory Estoppel and Contract Law

Question: Discuss what the term sufficient means in this context and whether the statement is accurate in regards to Australian contract law.? Answer: The modern doctrine of consideration originated from the judgment of Lush J in the case of Currie v Misa ((1875) LR 10 EX 153) where he defined consideration as: some interest, profit, right or benefit accrued to one party or some loss, forbearance, responsibility or detriment either undertaken, suffered or given by the other person. This definition introduced the notion of consideration to be no promise can be made enforceable unless the promisee has agreed to give something in exchange of the promise. The doctrine of consideration emerged in England in the 19th century. Whilst the exact origin of the doctrine cannot be recognized categorically, the roots of the concept can be outlined from the medieval times. It is of great importance that the doctrine of the consideration has been recognized by law as a promise which itself is a valid consideration for another partys promise. The concept of the doctrine has been adopted in Australia from the year 1788. Consideration is defined as a price for a promise made by the promissor to the promisee. Consideration is considered as an essential element to form a valid contract[1]. It makes the contract legally binding and enforceable by law. Sir Francis Pollock defines consideration as the promise is the price for which the promise of the other is procured and the promise made for the price is enforceable[2]. The doctrine of consideration must be sufficient and need not be adequate. Sufficiency and adequacy, in simple words, have similar meanings. However, in the legal parlance, the term adequacy signifies those situations where the price paid by a party is not proportionate to the price of what the party gets in exchange. A consideration is said to be sufficient in the legal parlance, it must be of some monetary value. A consideration besides amounting to monetary value, a consideration must be enough to be enforceable and recognized by law[3]. The doctrine of consideration must be made by the promisee but it may not e ssentially move to the promisor. Consideration is often proved to be more beneficial to the promissor or in other words, it is detrimental to the promisee. The consideration doctrine is defined as the price demanded by the promisor in return of the promise made to the promisee. The term price needs not include money; it may include intangible benefits as well. Consideration forms an essential element for a validating a contract[4]. The significance of a consideration in a contract is two-fold. Firstly, it acts as an evidential function that prevents commission of fraud that would have otherwise taken place had verbal promises were enforceable[5]. Secondly, it prevents the parties to the contract to make any casual promises instead; it includes promises that have a certain value[6]. In Currie v. Missa it was observed by the court that consideration must include something that is valuable in the eyes of law made from the promise. It must be beneficial to the plaintiff and detrimental to the defendant but in all circumstances, the promise or the plaintiff must make the consideration. Consideration may be defined as a price for which the promise of another party is purchased. There are four essential elements associated with the doctrine of Consideration. They are: consideration must not be adequate, it must be sufficient; performance of a legal duty is not consideration; past consideration is not good consideration; half payment of a debt is not good consideration. The rule that consideration has emphasized on the principle that consideration need not be adequate; it is valid if it is sufficient. This concept becomes evident if the decisions between the Chappel case and Ward v. Byham where it was stated by the court that the chocolate wrappers and a promise to satisfy a child both amounts to sufficient consideration. A consideration is said to be sufficient if the consideration posses economic value and is enforceable by law. However, several instances render a consideration inadequate in the judicial system. Such instances may include ethical duty, natural affection and love, requests made by either of the parties to the contract[7]. The most important feature of the doctrine of consideration is that there is no need for a consideration to be adequate; it is valid if it is sufficient to bind the parties to the contract legally. Consideration having monetary value and enforceable by law is considered to be sufficient in the eyes of law. In the case of Chappell co ltd, the facts of the case were such that Nestle made an advertisement that the customers shall be provided with a copy of musical records if the customers send three wrappers of the Nestle chocolate in 1/6 D together. The sellers of the musical record argued that the value was to be calculated on the 1/6 D in addition to the price of the wrappers. Nestle argued that the packaging had no price attached to them. The House of lord held that the covering were part of the consideration price. The consideration included both the purchasing of the chocolate for the covering and the payment of the price which attaches to value to Nestle. In this case, although the price value of the chocolate wrappers was disregarded, but since it was agreed upon that the wrappers of the chocolate could be held as a valid consideration the contract became legally binding. Another rule that makes a consideration inadequate is the performance of any duty, which the party is otherwise legally bound to do. In the case of Collins v. Godefoy the plaintiff provided proof at a civil trial after he was served a subpoena where the defendant agreed to pay the plaintiff a certain amount of money as the plaintiffs fee. However, the court held that the plaintiff is not allowed to recover the fee amount, as there was no consideration made for the promise and the plaintiff was lawfully bound to attend the trial as per the subpoena served upon him. It simple amounted to performing a legal obligation that the plaintiff was already lawfully bound to do. Again, if the plaintiff is bound legally by the terms and conditions of an existing contract and he makes another promise to perform the previous promise, the court considers such consideration inadequate. In Re Wilson, the court observed that promises made out of natural love and affection are the kind of promises that are made within a family and such promises do not confer adequate consideration in the creation of a contract. Further, the rule related to the concept of consideration is that a consideration is not a good consideration. It must be made either after a promise is made or with the promise itself. If the consideration stipulated in the contract has been fulfilled prior to the promise, the promise becomes unenforceable as it becomes a past promise[8]. It simply contemplates that if the consideration is already fulfilled then there is nothing left to be given in exchange for the promise made. In Eastwood v. Kenyon (1840), a warden took loan for raising a girl. After her nuptial, the spouse of the girl promised to pay-off the loan but such promise becomes unenforceable as the consideration is a past consideration and cannot be enforced upon the husband. However, there is an exception to this theory where past consideration is regarded as good consideration provided such consideration is made at the promisors request; the parties comprehended that they would become entitle to remuneration; if the p romise was made prior to the act the promise would have been recognized by law. The principle that consideration moves from the promise to the promisee denotes that the burden is on the promise to establish that they have provided consideration in return of the promise made to them by the promisor in order to make the contract enforceable. This rule was recognized in the context of the case of Williams v. Roffey that enabled the courts to be certain about which of the recipient of the promise would be liable to perform the promise. Executory and executed consideration is a method where the plaintiff buys the promise or the offer of the defendant. Executor consideration may be defined as a return promise made by the defendant in exchange for the promise made by the plaintiff. In other words, any agreement that is intended to have effect in the future is termed as executory agreements. In case of executed considerations, either of the party executes his part of the promise in the contract and the other party has not executed his promise, and hence his promise remains to be executed that in the future[9]. Part-payment of a debt is not regarded as a good consideration whereas part-performance of an existing contractual duty is considered as a good consideration as stated in Stilk v. Myrick (1809). The payment of a lesser amount by the promisee does not exempt him from performing his part of the obligation to make the full payment in return for the promise made by the promissor. The payment of smaller sum is not considered as a good consideration as by making part payments of the debt the promise is performing the existing contractual duty that is due to be paid by him to the promissor. This rule has originated in the Pinnels case or Pinnel v. Cole (1602). In the case, Cole owed Pinnel a certain sum of money out of which he only made half payment and Pinnel accepted the same in full settlement of the debt. Pinnel afterwards, brought a legal suit against Cole for the remaining due amount[10]. It was held that part payment is not a good consideration in itself. However, later, it was held that if the debtor accepted the part payment the agreement would bind the debtor legally at the request of the creditor subject to the condition that fresh consideration had been included. The rule laid down in the Pinnels case was ultimately reaffirmed in the case of Foakes v. Beer. The facts of the case was such that the parties entered into an agreement that Foakes would pay $500 to Beer in part payment and the balnce amount shall be pain in installments subject to the condition that Beer would not bring any legal action against Foakes. However, Foaks initiated legal proceedings against Beer in order to recover the interests on the debt amount. It was held that the agreement could be enforced only if there was any consideration. The only consideration that was made was the payment of $500 that was already due and so it became a past consideration, which is not considered to be a good consideration. The remaining balance that was to be paid in installments cannot form a considera tion unless the payment of the $500 amounted to be a consideration. According to the rule laid down under the Pinnels case any payment of a lesser amount do not constitute a good consideration for a promise and the remaining amount cannot be claimed. Hence, it was established that fraction payment of a debt is not consideration for a creditor to promise that the remaining or the due amount shall not be claimed. There are certain exceptions applicable to the Pinners Rule: if the lesser amount is paid in prior to the promise made and the creditor accepts the same in the full payment of the arrears. If the less amount is paid in the form of an thing or object which is accepted by the creditor in settlement; if the lesser amount is paid along with the thing or object that is acceptable by the creditor. If a third party makes the payment of the lesser sum. If the promisor and the promisee enters into an arrangement where the the debtor promises to make part-payment to the creditor in exchange of a promise by the creditor that he will not sue the debtor for the full payment of the amount, the lesser amount paid shall extinguish the entire debt. The doctrine of Equitable or Promissory Estoppel is another exception to the Pinners rule and is referred to as the rule in the High Trees Case. The doctrine denotes that where parties enter into legal relationship and either of them makes a promise that is intended to affect their legal relationship and the other party is required to rely upon such promise[11]. Once the other party relies and acts upon the promise and it changes their legal position, the party who made the promise cannot say that they had a different legal relationship, that is, the party cannot deny the promise he made[12]. This doctrine enables to make a promise without any consideration lawfully binding as stated in Combe V. Combe. Thus, this doctrine restricts a person from returning to the belief that he made the other person to believe in[13]. The law of contracts states that for a contract to be enforceable by law, it must include certain essential elements[14]. There must be an offer made by a party to another party indicating a willingness to enter into a contract. The other party must accept such offer as without an acceptance of an offer a contract cannot be formed. A contract to be valid must have a consideration as it binds the parties to the contract legally. To enforce a contract the parties must also possess an intention to make the contract legally effective. The final essential element to make a contract valid is the capacity of the parties to enter into a contract. From the above discussion, it can be stated that in the contemporary business activities, consideration remains to be an imperative element in the formation of a valid contract as it ensures that the parties entering into the contract must have a sufficient consideration and they possess legal intentions to bind the contract. The purpose behind the necessity of the parties to the contract to have legal intentions is to make the contract legally effective. In Williams v. Roffey Bros, the approach adopted by Russel LJ was to make consideration a part of the intention of the parties to establish legal relations. It has always been argued that good consideration must be something that has a legal benefit but in this case it was held that good consideration shall be deemed as practical benefit. The essential exception to the doctrine of consideration has been recognized to be the doctrine of Promissory Estoppel. In Australia, the doctrine has developed certain pre-conditions following the case of Walton Stores. It is unreasonable for the courts to attach certain value to the services and goods and it must be left to the parties to the contract to settle on the value to be attached to the services or goods in order to determine whether a consideration is good or inadequate[15]. As stated by Lord Mansfield, a robe; a hawk; a goblet; a tom-ti, if he chooses to regard it as good consideration. As long as the consideration made by the promisee is acceptable by the promisor, anything can be regarded as a good consideration, held in the case of Thomas v. Thomas. Reference Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Alden, Eric. "Promissory Estoppel and the Origins of Contract Law."Browser Download This Paper(2016). Butler, Desmond, et al. "Contract Law Case Book." (2013). Carter, John. "Good Faith in Contract: Why Australian Law is Incoherent." (2014). Cartwright, John.Contract law: An introduction to the English law of contract for the civil lawyer. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016. DiMatteo, Larry A. "Pre-contractual Liability in the Common Law."International Sales Law. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Co. KG, 2016. Goldberger, Jeffrey. "Estoppel and contract."Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia29.3 (2015): 16. Gupta, R. K. "Promissory estoppel and legtimate expectation a comparative study." (2015). Hughes, Will, Ronan Champion, and John Murdoch.Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge, 2015. Kane, James. "The Rule in Pennel's Case: The Case for Repeal, a Mistaken Preponderance and Finding Consideration in Debt Renegotiations."Dublin ULJ37 (2014): 79. Keyes, Mary, and Therese Wilson.Codifying Contract Law: International and Consumer Law Perspectives. Routledge, 2016. Parkinson, Patrick, and Judy Cashmore. "Reforming Relocation Law: An Evidence?Based Approach."Family Court Review53.1 (2015): 23-39. Robertson, Andrew. "Three Models of Promissory Estoppel."Browser Download This Paper(2014). Turner, Chris.Key Cases: Contract Law. Routledge, 2014. [1] Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. [2] Hughes, Will, Ronan Champion, and John Murdoch.Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge, 2015. [3]Turner, Chris.Key Cases: Contract Law. Routledge, 2014. [4] Adriaanse, Mr John.Construction contract law. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. [5] Cartwright, John.Contract law: An introduction to the English law of contract for the civil lawyer. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016. [6] Butler, Desmond, et al. "Contract Law Case Book." (2013). [7]Keyes, Mary, and Therese Wilson.Codifying Contract Law: International and Consumer Law Perspectives. Routledge, 2016. [8] Goldberger, Jeffrey. "Estoppel and contract."Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia29.3 (2015): 16. [9] DiMatteo, Larry A. "Pre-contractual Liability in the Common Law."International Sales Law. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Co. KG, 2016. [10]Kane, James. "The Rule in Pennel's Case: The Case for Repeal, a Mistaken Preponderance and Finding Consideration in Debt Renegotiations."Dublin ULJ37 (2014): 79. [11]Robertson, Andrew. "Three Models of Promissory Estoppel."Browser Download This Paper(2014). [12] Gupta, R. K. "Promissory estoppel and legtimate expectation a comparative study." (2015). [13]Alden, Eric. "Promissory Estoppel and the Origins of Contract Law."Browser Download This Paper(2016). [14]Parkinson, Patrick, and Judy Cashmore. "Reforming Relocation Law: An Evidence?Based Approach."Family Court Review53.1 (2015): 23-39. [15] Carter, John. "Good Faith in Contract: Why Australian Law is Incoherent." (2014).