Herbert Mullin Criminal Profile Essay Example for Free

Herbert Mullin Criminal Profile Essay Mullin Herbert Mullin was born in Salina California which happens to be the anniversary of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake as well as Einstein’s death. He was the youngest between him and his sibling, Patricia. He was raised by both parents Jean and Bill Mullin. He didn’t have any problems in school he was popular and physically attractive. He had a good childhood but through his life span he made a lot of wrong decisions that includes drug abuse which aggravated schizophrenia. In high school he had a lot of friends and was quite popular. He played football and had a steady relationship and was voted most likely to succeed. At the age of eighteen he attended Cabrillo College to study engineering. In the summer of 1967 he graduated with a two year degree in road engineering and enrolled at San Jose State College change his major to philosophy and took on the hippie lifestyle. At the age of twenty-one In June 1965 people began to think that his sanity was deteriorating due to the fact that he built a shrine in his bedroom to Dean, his friend that was killed in a car accident the summer after graduation. At the age of nineteen he first experienced LSD which lead him to experimenting more with marijuana and LSD. At the age of twenty one he was arrested for possession of marijuana. At the age of 21 at a family dinner he started showing signs of schizophrenia which was aggravated by drug abuse. At the age of twenty two Herbert Mullin began treatment as a resident of the community drug abuse prevention center in Santa Cruz. Later that year Herbert Mullin was committed to the psychiatric ward of San Luis Obispo County General Hospital because with is mental disorder he was a danger to others, himself and gravely disabled. A month later he was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic. He was not one that cared to take his medication. In the summer of 1970 he was diagnosed as a schizo-affective schizophrenia. In 1970 he began blaming his parents for his illness and in result took them out of his will. Herbert killed people believing that if he started to kill people it will lessen the chances of another hurricane happening in his area. He did this by only killing random Caucasians from the age of 4 to 72. He bought his materials to the crime scene such as a gun, knife, and baseball bat. He was a psychotic visionary. Mullin had no developmental problems according to Erikson. He went through all the stages where he experience love and finding out what personality he wants to embrace. This is the point and time when he realizes that he is a bisexual. The motivation behind it seems to be the fact that he was born the day that Albert Einstein died and the anniversary of San Francisco Earthquake. Freud would have said that he is anticathexis because he gives off the sense that his ego is blocking the socially unacceptable needs of id. Mullin for example when he found out that his target moved he went after him and killed him as planned. Afterwards he couldn’t resist the urge to go back and kill the messenger who could have been a witness in the killing incident that happened before her and her family. Bibliography * Watts, Vernetta. Californian Guilty in 10 Murder Cases. (1973, August 20). New York Times, P. 10. Mullin, Herbert. N. P. , n. d. Web. 09 May 2013. * Santa Cruz Serial Killer, Herbert Mullin, Denied Parole Central Coast News KION/KCBA. Santa Cruz Serial Killer, Herbert Mullin, Denied Parole Central Coast News KION/KCBA. 13 May 2013 * Freudian  Theory. About. com Psychology. N. P. , n. d. Web. 16 May 2013.

Relationship Between Nubia and Egypt

Relationship Between Nubia and Egypt Art 327: Egyptian Art Dr. Sara Orel November 20, 2014 Throughout the history of ancient Egypt, Egypt had been in contact with numerous cultures near and far from their home. Each of those cultures provided some sort of contact and relationship; whether that was political or economic or even as an enemy. One culture in particular, Nubia (later known as the Kushites with the development of the Kingdom of Kush) had been in contact and had a relationship with Egypt since as early as the first century B.C. The term ‘Nubia’ is defined as a geographic region located in the northeast corner of Africa. It straddles the Nile River and is sometimes referred to in two parts, according to the flow of the river, Lower Nubia in the North and Upper Nubia in the South.[1] For upper Nubia, the most common term was Kush. Kush was located in what is now known as Nubia, near the third cataract in ancient times. The relationship between Egypt and Nubia as stated in the beginning was mainly trade and at times dealt with military aspects. However, as time progressed the relationship became more complex. It had changed depending on the political and economic climate of the time. To the Egyptians, the Nubians represented a trading partner, an enemy, a military asset, a conquered colony, and at times a conqueror. The beginning contact or relationship was not as complex as the end. The Nubians relied on their northern neighbor for some time. However towards the twentieth century that relationship soon changed. Egypt had control over Nubia for nearly five-hundred years. However, towards the twentieth century Egypt lost control due to the decline of the Egyptian government at the end of Ramses II. That lost control would be devastating to Egypt due to the gold deposits found in Nubia and opened up the door for Libyans to take control. However, it would give chance to Nubia to make a stance and take control themselves. The relationship between Egypt and Nubia changed drastically in the years from 750-730 BC when the Kingdom of Kush and the Nubian prince, Piankhy (also known as Piye) pushed northward to capture Egypt from Libyan control and establish their capital at Thebes. Just as a note, King Piankhy of Dynasty XXV reigned in Nubia for nearly thirty-one years (747-716 BC). We have archaeological evidence pointing to this through a large granite stela known as the ‘Victory Stela of Piy’ found in 1862 at Gebel Barkal in the Temple of Amun at Napata.[2] The stela measures 1.80 meters by 1.84 meters. It is inscribed on all four sides, with a total of 159 lines of hieroglyphs.[3] It now currently resides in the Cairo Museum. The relief at the top shows Amun enthroned on the left with Mut standing behind him and Piankhy before him. It is a narration of Piye’s conquest of all of Egypt. [4] It is much like the New Kingdom Annals of Thutmosis III in factualness but is much more vivid. It paints the portrait of a Nubian king who was â€Å"forceful, shrewd, and generous†.[5] â€Å"Hear what I did, exceeding the ancestors, I the King, image of god, Living likeness of Atum! Who left the womb marked as ruler, Feared by those greater than he! His father knew, he mother perceived: He would be ruler from the egg, The Good God, beloved of gods, The son of Re, who acts with his arms, Piye beloved-of-Amun.†[6] Piye always meant to rule Egypt but he had preferred treaties over warfare, unlike his later adversary the Assyrians. It states that he was extremely pious and especially devoted to Amun. Egyptians rather welcomed the Nubian prince, preferring him over the Libyans, scholars attest this to the cultural similarities between Egypt and Nubia and also the physical similarities as well. The Nubians ruled from Nubia to as far as the Delta, they portrayed themselves not with the Egyptian crown with one cobra uraeus but with two cobras. Nubian rule over Egypt was short lived, lasting less than a hundred years. The end came with an attack by the Assyrians, pushing them further south and relocating their capital from Thebes to Meroe. The Nubian rule was succeeded by a vigorous Egyptian dynasty coming from Sais in the XXVI dynasty. During this time the Egypt was rebuilt as a strong centralized and prosperous state.[7] The relations with Nubia at this time were at first peaceful, but in 592 BC, Psamtik II attacked Nubia and claimed a victory. However, he did not gain control. What prompted this attack is still not known, but is recorded on the ‘Victory Stela of King Psamtik II’ and is viewed by many as an act of revenge when Nubia controlled Egypt. â€Å"The troops your majesty sent to Nubia have reached the hill-country of Pnubs. It is a land lacking a battlefield, a place lacking horses. The Nubians of every hill-country rose up against him, their hearts full of rage against him. His attack took place, and it was misery for the rebels. His majesty has done a fighter’s work.† [8] The relationship between Nubia and Egypt remained strained with the Saite power in Egypt but improved in the Ptolemaic period with the Meroitic Kingdom. There were, as usual, times of trouble between the two nations during this period. There was one occasion were the Meroites invaded Egypt in the upper kingdom. However, trade between Egypt and Nubia appeared to have increased considerably. [9] The wealth and stimulation from this trade helped initiate a cultural renaissance in the Meroitic heartland with the border remaining near Maharraqa in the middle of Lower Nubia.[10] The cooperation between the two is symbolized in the temples at Dakka and Philae. As time went on, the relationship between the two continued until around 350 AD when the Axumite Kingdom attacked and completely destroyed the Meroe Kingdom. After this time Nubia became a Christian nation. From the beginning contact to the end, the relationship between Nubia and Egypt was very complex. The contact and relationship between the two always seemed to go back and forth from a peaceful relationship to one with hostility. However complex their relationship was, Egypt and Nubia both developed through political, economic, and cultural means depending on who held power at the time. It is no secret that Nubia played an important, however brief, in Egyptian history. What we know of them largely comes from the texts and inscriptions from Egyptians. However, with excavations still being pursued in Nubia there is still much to be discovered. Works Cited BBC. The Story of Africa: Nile Valley. 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section3.shtml accessed November 15, 2014. Harkless, Necia Desiree. Nubian Pharaohs and Meroitic Kings: The Kingdom of Kush. Bloomington: Author House, 2006 Lacovara, Majorie Fisher and Peter. Ancient Nubia: African Kingdom on the Nile. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2012. Lichtheim, Miriam. Ancient Egyptian Literature: The Late Period. Vol. 3. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1980. Redford, Donald B. From Slave to Pharaoh: The Black Experience of Ancient Egypt. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Shubert, Steven Blake. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient. Edited by Kathryn A. Bard. London: Routledge, 2005. Smith, Stuart Tyson. Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypts Nubian Empire. London: Routledge, 2003. Trigger, Bruce G. New Light on the History of Lower Nubia. Anthropologica (Canadian Anthropology Society) 10, no. 1 (1968): 81-106. Accessed 13 November 2014. url http://www.jstor.org/stable/25604760. [1] Majorie Fisher and Peter Lacovara, Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile, (Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press) 5. [2] Donald B. Redford, From Slave to Pharaoh: The Black Experience of Ancient Egypt, (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press) 101. [3] Ibid, 101. [4] Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, v.3, (Los Angeles: University of California Press) 66. [5] Ibid, 66. [6] Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, v.3, (Los Angeles: University of California Press) 68. [7] Ibid, 66. [8] Ibid, 85. [9] Bruce G. Trigger, â€Å"New Light on the History of Lower Nubia†, Anthropologica (1968): 95, access 15 November 2014, url: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25604760. [10] Ibid, 95.

Mrs Mallards Experience of Freedom in The Story of an Hour by Kate Cho

Mrs Mallard's Experience of Freedom in The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin In "The Story of an Hour", Mrs Mallard, who has a heart attack is the main protagonist. Like any ordinary women, she is a normal housewife who depends on her husband. The news of her husband's death gives her freedom and sets her free from restraints, marriage and a lifetime of dependency. Kate Chopin uses several techniques to create the image of how freedom affects Mrs Mallard. At first, Mrs Mallard is shocked by the news which is shown in "She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister's arms." and "When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone." These describe her immediate response and tell that she is so shaken by the news that she weeps at once and goes away alone. Chopin uses some special diction like "sudden", "wild abandonment" and "storm of grief" to indicate that the news is very abrupt and unsettling. These words create an unexpected and tense atmosphere which helps to plot the unpredictable emotions of Mrs Mallard. Meanwhile, Chopin uses personification to say that the news is a sudden attack to Mrs Mallard which strengthens the shocking emotion of Mrs Mallard. This can also be found in "She sat with her head thrown back upon the cushion of the chair, quite motionless, except when a sob came up into her throat and shook her..." This says that Mrs Mallard is so confused and jolted that she sobs helplessly as Chopin uses "motionless" and "sob" which is a physical manifestation of an emotion to tell that Mrs Mallard is stunned and feeling disbelieving. Concurrently, Chopin use... ...s Mallard is now really enjoys life which is reinforces in "Feverish triumph in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory." as it suggests that Mrs Mallard is stimulated and is being confident and proud by the trophy. Here, Chopin uses fascination diction "feverish triumph" and a simile" like a goddess of victory" to reflect Mrs Mallard's emotion which create a very strong image of exultant which shows that she becomes optimistic to life and proud or even pride of herself. Chopin plots this to contrast to the ending "She had died of heart disease-- of joy that kills." which makes a dramatic ending and marks the climax of the story. Works Cited: Chopin, Kate. ?The Story of an Hour.? From Roberts and Jacobs' Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Sixth Edition, p. 392.

Essay --

General Information Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is found in all living thing and one of the building blocks of the body. (1, 2, 3) The molecule is found in the nucleus of the cell and it is a double helix molecule and it looks like a twisted ladder. If it was unwound the molecule would be 6 feet in length! (2) DNA has 3 nucleotides which are sugar, base, and phosphate. (1) The four bases, which are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine(C), and guanine (G) and they are all Nitrogen bases and there are about 3 billion of them.(1, 2, 3, 4) Adenine and thymine always pair up with one another and cytosine and guanine always pair together. (1, 2, 3, 4) In the cell there is also the RNA which acts as the messenger for the DNA because the DNA is too big to leave the nucleus. (1) RNA also doesn’t have thymine, instead it has uracil. (1, 2, 3, 4) The RNA then goes off to tell the ribosomes to make protein for parts of your body that need it the most. (1) Genes are the heredity material that is made up by DNA. (1, 2, 3) Your genes are all have from your mother and half from your father. (2) All of your genes are inside chromosomes which carry your genes. (2, 3, 4) The chromosomes carry thousands of your genes and your DNA will replicate your genes so it stays the same. (1, 2, 3, 4) If the gene code is changed it will cause a mutation. Some mutations can be good like evolution, but some can cause cancer. (1, 2, 3, 4) The 4 different types of mutation are point, frame shift, deletion, and insertion. (1, 2, 3, 4) Point and Frame shift are not as bad because it’s just changing a letter in a sequence but, insertion and deletion are changing the whole sequence. (1) Chromosomes are the tightly packed strands in the DNA which hold all... ...es. Advancement engineering is a newer field but it’s very dangerous because you are advancing the genes beyond their level. Also, advancement engineering has not been successful without any fatal diseases in the future. So we have to ask ourselves is it right to mess with these things. Conclusion The main goal for the H.G.P. was to figure out the complete puzzle of human genome for further study. If you think about it, the Human Genome Project could make people rethink life itself because there is so much technology today that is being used for medical purposes. But you have to think of this new field of science is like opening Pandora’s Box because we don’t know if there are side effects to these treatments and ideas. In conclusion, the Human Genome Project is the start of amazing new ideas to cure cancer or rare diseases, but is it right to mess with life? Essay -- General Information Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is found in all living thing and one of the building blocks of the body. (1, 2, 3) The molecule is found in the nucleus of the cell and it is a double helix molecule and it looks like a twisted ladder. If it was unwound the molecule would be 6 feet in length! (2) DNA has 3 nucleotides which are sugar, base, and phosphate. (1) The four bases, which are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine(C), and guanine (G) and they are all Nitrogen bases and there are about 3 billion of them.(1, 2, 3, 4) Adenine and thymine always pair up with one another and cytosine and guanine always pair together. (1, 2, 3, 4) In the cell there is also the RNA which acts as the messenger for the DNA because the DNA is too big to leave the nucleus. (1) RNA also doesn’t have thymine, instead it has uracil. (1, 2, 3, 4) The RNA then goes off to tell the ribosomes to make protein for parts of your body that need it the most. (1) Genes are the heredity material that is made up by DNA. (1, 2, 3) Your genes are all have from your mother and half from your father. (2) All of your genes are inside chromosomes which carry your genes. (2, 3, 4) The chromosomes carry thousands of your genes and your DNA will replicate your genes so it stays the same. (1, 2, 3, 4) If the gene code is changed it will cause a mutation. Some mutations can be good like evolution, but some can cause cancer. (1, 2, 3, 4) The 4 different types of mutation are point, frame shift, deletion, and insertion. (1, 2, 3, 4) Point and Frame shift are not as bad because it’s just changing a letter in a sequence but, insertion and deletion are changing the whole sequence. (1) Chromosomes are the tightly packed strands in the DNA which hold all... ...es. Advancement engineering is a newer field but it’s very dangerous because you are advancing the genes beyond their level. Also, advancement engineering has not been successful without any fatal diseases in the future. So we have to ask ourselves is it right to mess with these things. Conclusion The main goal for the H.G.P. was to figure out the complete puzzle of human genome for further study. If you think about it, the Human Genome Project could make people rethink life itself because there is so much technology today that is being used for medical purposes. But you have to think of this new field of science is like opening Pandora’s Box because we don’t know if there are side effects to these treatments and ideas. In conclusion, the Human Genome Project is the start of amazing new ideas to cure cancer or rare diseases, but is it right to mess with life?

Observations on Emersons Self-Reliance :: Emersons Self Reliance Essays

Observations on Self-Reliance "Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles ." This quotation forms the closing two lines of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self Reliance". I am greatly enlightened by his ideas in this article. "Trust thyself" was his advice and many Americans listened. They not only listened in Emerson's lifetime, but his individualistic concepts have reverberated up to the present time. After reading the ideas expressed in "Self-Reliance", I have come to believe that self-reliance is the most important factor in my life. Emerson believes that a man should not be what he is not. "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide." If a man is envious of other people, he will ignore all merits of himself. If a man imitates other people, he will lose his identity - like suicide. It is common to find a woman like me envious of other people. I am jealous if a girl in the class is more beautiful than I. I am jealous if a classmate gets a higher score on tests. I am jealous if my neighbor has a better car. But as I always find out, when I praise the girl, people will say "you are beautiful, too"; when I praise the classmate, people will say "remember you got a higher score last time"; when I praise the car of the neighbor, people will say "he spent money that he did not have". There is always a "the better side" of myself, which I cannot see because it is hindered by my own jealousy. Imitation is the result of jealousy. When I was in high school, I tried to imitate a girl in my class because I thought she was pretty cool. I bought the same dress, the same shoes, had the same hair style, and tried to act the same way. After one month, I was considered the least cool person in the class. I did not get what I wanted, but instead, lost what I had already had. I was born in a Christian Chinese family in Beijing, China. Under the strict rules of my mother, I began learning piano and Kung-fu when I was six, and many other things other children did not learn. From then on, I was always told to be the best, and I always thought I was the best. Observations on Emerson's Self-Reliance :: Emerson's Self Reliance Essays Observations on Self-Reliance "Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles ." This quotation forms the closing two lines of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self Reliance". I am greatly enlightened by his ideas in this article. "Trust thyself" was his advice and many Americans listened. They not only listened in Emerson's lifetime, but his individualistic concepts have reverberated up to the present time. After reading the ideas expressed in "Self-Reliance", I have come to believe that self-reliance is the most important factor in my life. Emerson believes that a man should not be what he is not. "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide." If a man is envious of other people, he will ignore all merits of himself. If a man imitates other people, he will lose his identity - like suicide. It is common to find a woman like me envious of other people. I am jealous if a girl in the class is more beautiful than I. I am jealous if a classmate gets a higher score on tests. I am jealous if my neighbor has a better car. But as I always find out, when I praise the girl, people will say "you are beautiful, too"; when I praise the classmate, people will say "remember you got a higher score last time"; when I praise the car of the neighbor, people will say "he spent money that he did not have". There is always a "the better side" of myself, which I cannot see because it is hindered by my own jealousy. Imitation is the result of jealousy. When I was in high school, I tried to imitate a girl in my class because I thought she was pretty cool. I bought the same dress, the same shoes, had the same hair style, and tried to act the same way. After one month, I was considered the least cool person in the class. I did not get what I wanted, but instead, lost what I had already had. I was born in a Christian Chinese family in Beijing, China. Under the strict rules of my mother, I began learning piano and Kung-fu when I was six, and many other things other children did not learn. From then on, I was always told to be the best, and I always thought I was the best.

Executive Summaries Essay

The executive summary is usually no longer than 10% of the original document. It can be anywhere from 1-10 pages long, depending on the report’s length. Executive summaries are written literally for an executive who most likely DOES NOT have the time to read the original. †¢Executive summaries make a recommendation †¢Accuracy is essential because decisions will be made based on your summary by people who have not read the original †¢Executive summaries frequently summarize more than one document Types of Summaries Summaries written in order to recommend a specific course of action are executive summaries. Summaries that highlight the major points of a long piece are called abstracts. The purpose of an abstract is to allow readers to decide whether or not they want to read the longer text. View our Writing Guide about Abstracts Standard summary only refers to a summary of someone else’s published work and is written for a variety of purposes. View our Writing Guide about Standard Summaries Processes for Writing an Executive Summary Executive summaries are typically written for longer reports. They should not be written until after your report is finished. Before writing your summary, try: †¢Summarizing the major sections of your report. You might even copy text from your report into the summary and then edit it down. †¢Talking aloud or even tape recording yourself summarizing sections of your report. Questions to Ask Yourself as You Write †¢What is your report about? †¢Why is it important? †¢What is included in the report? †¢What is included in each section? Concise Statement As a cover sheet to your document, an executive summary need not go into ANY mention of how you conducted your analysis and/or what you’re basing your conclusion on. Instead, begin with a concise statement of the conclusion you reached after conducting your analysis and/or research is the paper that will be attached. For example, after a comparison of what other schools like CSU do about personal calls for faculty, you conclude that the CSU is charging for calls most other institutions do not. How you word the conclusion will differ depending on your audience and what they care most about. The following examples illustrate how the wording must change given an audience’s needs. Example One Colorado State should discontinue the practice of charging faculty for personal calls. This is a good example if the people you work for are only interested in this issue. It begins with a summary of conclusions regarding only the CSU population. Example Two Because I have found that over 75% of comparable institutions do not charge for personal calls, I have concluded that our faculty is justified in objecting to this practice which should be seen as a â€Å"perk† for our faculty. This sentence provides unnecessary information about other institutions and/or why the faculty think they deserve to have these calls paid for. Your readers can get that information from the report. Further, the use of â€Å"I† is unnecessary since your readers already know who wrote the report. Writing Recommendations After beginning with a summary statement of your findings, the executive summary should go on to provide a specific recommendation for action geared toward your audience. For example, the report on charging for personal calls was requested by the president’s office, not the individual departments and colleges who actually determine policy. As a result, the recommendation for action is geared toward what the president’s office should do, not the other departments involved. To learn more about writing recommendations: After summarizing the entire article and/or research report(s), an executive  summary ends with a one or two line recommendation for action. Simple Formula Executive summaries frequently make use of transitional phrases to encapsulate the preceding information in the same sentence as the recommendation. The format can almost be envisioned as a formula: [transitional word] + [concise statement of information provided in summary], I recommend that [corporation, office, person in question] do [recommendations]. More Complex Recommendations In other cases, the recommendation might be complicated enough to justify a summary of causes for the recommendation. In this case, the recommendation paragraph usually begins with a summary of how the writer reached the recommendation. Example Susie’s Cookies began as a small business in Cleveland, Ohio which has expanded to include 45 stores throughout the Midwest. Plans have already been instituted to expand sales nationwide, using the same â€Å"mall-concept† marketing strategy which has proven successful in the Midwest. Despite these plans, Susie’s Cookies may be in danger of bankruptcy. Susie’s quadrupled its sales in the last two quarters, realizing a profit of $750,000 in the current year, an increase of $250,000 over the previous year, due to its increase in advertising. To realize equivalent sale figures nationwide, however, it is projected that advertising costs will increase by 200% for the first two years of the national expansions. Further, construction costs for the new stores are estimated to be 20 million dollars. The result of increased advertising and construction costs will put a substantial debt burden on Susie’s cookies, an estimated $750,00 to 1 million a year. Given that sales did not reach current levels in the Midwest until the 45 stores had been operating for five years, projected sales nationally will not cover expansion costs. As a result, Susie’s Cookies is likely to show a loss of almost $2 million for at least the next five years. Due to the high advertisement and development costs of national expansion. Susie’s Cookies may not be able to continue doing business in the future. Therefore, I recommend that Mrs. Field’s does not participate in the hostile takeover  under consideration because the threat of competition will not be realized. Justification Finally, an executive summary provides an analysis and/or justification for the proposed action in terms the audience will consider important. In many cases, this might involve a monetary analysis as in the example to the right, but actions can be justified many ways, depending on the concerns of the audience and the topic of the report (e.g. for CSU these might include increase in student learning, better relationship with the community, etc.). justification for the recommendation by referring to information summarized. A recommendationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s justification is usually based on a reference to material already provided in the summary. In other cases, the justification for the recommendation might be complicated enough to justify a summary of causes for the justification. In this case, the recommendation paragraph usually begins with a summary of how the writer reached the conclusion that leads to the justification. Example Justification Based on the current number and length of long-distance personal calls by faculty, such a proposal would cost the university $150,000 annually. In comparison to the overall budget, this is a small amount, but one which might â€Å"pay for itself† in terms of faculty satisfaction and possible recruitment benefits. Example Susie’s Cookies began as a small business in Cleveland, Ohio which has expanded to include 45 stores throughout the Midwest. Plans have already been instituted to expand sales nationwide, using the same â€Å"mall-concept† marketing strategy which has proven successful in the Midwest. Despite these plans, Susie’s Cookies may be in danger of bankruptcy. Susie’s quadrupled its sales in the last two quarters, realizing a profit of $750,000 in the current year, an increase of $250,000 over the previous year, due to its increase in advertising. To realize equivalent sale figures nationwide, however, it is projected that advertising costs will increase by 200% for the first two years of the national expansions. Further, construction costs for the new stores are estimated to be 20 million dollars. The result of increased advertising and construction costs will put a substantial debt  burden on Susie’s cookies, an estimated $750,00 to 1 million a year. Given that sales did not reach current levels in the Midwest until the 45 stores had been operating for five years, projected sales nationally will not cover expansion costs. As a result, Susie’s Cookies is likely to show a loss of almost $2 million for at least the next five years. Due to the high advertisement and development costs of national expansion. Susie’s Cookies may not be able to continue doing business in the future. Therefore, I recommend that Mrs. Field’s does not participate in the hostile takeover under consideration because the threat of competition will not be realized. Example Executive Summary The Mountain Resort charges below average rental rates. (concise statement of findings) The attached report recommends a 20% increase in price for the following equipment: 1. downhill skis, 2. telemark skis, 3. boots/shoes for downhill, telemark, and cross-country skis. (specific recommendation for action) Based on average rental business for 1992-1995, these increases would generate an annual rental profit for Mountainview of $750,000. This figure represents an overall gain of $150,000 over current rental profits.(justification for proposed action) Additional Resources Other Writing Guides are available to help you write executive summaries. Choose any of the following for more information: †¢Purpose †¢Audience †¢Organization

Monster Mini Golf

Monster Mini Golf, an indoor, 18-hole, glow-in-the-dark, monster-themed family entertainment center created and developed by husband and wife Patrick and Christina Vitagliano, started its operations in 2004 under Monster Entertainment, LLC. In the hopes of expanding operations and taking full advantage of the increasing popularity of family oriented entertainment centers, Monster Entertainment, LLC opened its doors to interested franchisees in 2005. The estimated capital investment needed to set up a franchise of Monster Mini Golf ranges from $147,000 to $255,000, which already includes the franchise fee of $30,000. Initial term of the Franchise Agreement is five years and franchise is renewable for three successive terms of five years each. There is also a royalty fee of 9% of gross sales paid weekly for their continuing support services. Monster Entertainment, LLC has designed an easy to use business system for the franchisees of Monster Mini Golf. Aside from the support from management office, they also entitled to the following benefits: Training. All franchisees are required to participate in a comprehensive training course that lasts approximately four weeks. This intensive program focuses on all aspects of the franchise system, products, services and techniques in operating the business. Training also covers management methods pertaining to personnel, office, sales, computer software and marketing procedures. On-site assistance. Management provides an on-site assistance to franchisees two weeks before the scheduled opening. Aside from this, they also conduct periodic site visits to provide guidance and assistance in the franchisee’s operations. 1.   All franchisees will also receive a Monster Mini Golf Operations Manual that contains specifications, standards, procedures and recommendations to aid investors in the operation of their Monster Mini Golf franchises. Marketing materials and website development. Franchisees are provided with various publicity, advertising materials and other promotional items. Each location will also be given its own section in the company’s website. Protected area or exclusive territory. Monster Entertainment, LLC awards only a limited number of franchises per geographic location based on franchisee’s location, population and drive time to the guaranteed site. To be considered for a possible franchise rights, interested parties are asked to complete and submit Confidential Franchise Info Request form available online. Selection is based on the applicant’s disposition, sales, customer service skills, and their experience in basic inventory control, money management and budgeting. Other qualifications include maturity, judgment, stability and adaptability. One important issue that a prospective franchisor must consider is the local government regulations and taxes. In the United States, franchising is governed by both federal and state laws and in other countries, the industry is being regulated. State registration though, may not be necessary depending on the franchise’s location. Other legal matters important to the set-up of a franchise would include compliance issues and documentation requirements. Other economic and financial factors that a franchisor must also look at include organizational structures, accounting practices, financial projections, financial responsibilities and anticipated market conditions. References: http://www.monsterminigolf.com http://www.franchisegator.com http://www.francorpconnect.com http://www.entrepreneur.com http://pennsylvania.franchisesolutions.com/business_for_sale http://www.franchise.org http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode http://www.franatty.cnc.net